Question 1 — Identify Data
Which of the following is an example of data? A) “I think sales will increase next month.” B) January sales = 2000 units. C) “The weather feels hot today.”
📖 点击查看答案
B) January sales = 2000 units.📝 点击查看解析
Data is fact-based information. Option B provides measurable, factual information, while A and C are opinions. 数据是基于事实的信息，B 提供了可测量的事实，A 和 C 属于主观意见。Question 2 — Elements
In a survey collecting students’ GPA, what are the elements?
📖 点击查看答案
The students.📝 点击查看解析
Elements are the entities from which data are collected. In this case, students are the objects being measured. 元素是数据收集的对象，这里是学生。Question 3 — Variables
If we measure a student’s age, gender, and GPA, what are these called?
📖 点击查看答案
Variables.📝 点击查看解析
Variables are characteristics of elements. Age, gender, and GPA describe the features of students. 变量是元素的特征，这里是年龄、性别、GPA。Question 4 — Observations
Student A has age = 20, gender = female, GPA = 3.5. What does this represent?
📖 点击查看答案
An observation.📝 点击查看解析
An observation is a set of measurements across variables for one element. 观测值是针对一个元素在多个变量上的测量结果。Question 5 — Nominal Scale
Which of the following is measured on a nominal scale? A) Temperature in Celsius B) Gender C) Income
📖 点击查看答案
B) Gender📝 点击查看解析
Nominal scale only classifies without order. Gender is a category (male/female). 名义尺度只用于分类，没有顺序，性别就是典型例子。Question 6 — Ordinal Scale
A restaurant survey asks customers to rate food quality as: Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent. Which scale is this?
📖 点击查看答案
Ordinal scale.📝 点击查看解析
Ordinal data have order but unequal intervals. Customer ratings are ordered but differences are subjective. 顺序尺度有等级，但间隔不均，顾客评分符合这一特征。Question 7 — Interval Scale
Daily temperature in Celsius is collected. What measurement scale is used?
📖 点击查看答案
Interval scale.📝 点击查看解析
Celsius has equal intervals but no true zero. 摄氏温度有相等间隔但没有绝对零点，因此是区间尺度。Question 8 — Ratio Scale
Which of the following variables is measured on a ratio scale? A) Weight B) Satisfaction level (1–5) C) Temperature in Celsius
📖 点击查看答案
A) Weight📝 点击查看解析
Ratio scale has equal intervals and a true zero. Weight = 0 means no weight. 比率尺度有绝对零点，重量符合。Question 9 — Categorical Data
Which is an example of categorical data? A) Age B) Gender C) Income
📖 点击查看答案
B) Gender📝 点击查看解析
Categorical data classify elements into groups. Gender groups people into male/female. 分类数据把元素划分到组别，性别就是一个例子。Question 10 — Quantitative Data
Which of the following is quantitative data? A) Nationality B) GPA C) Favorite color
📖 点击查看答案
B) GPA📝 点击查看解析
Quantitative data are numeric with measurable meaning. GPA is numeric and measurable. 数量数据是有度量意义的数值，GPA 符合。Question 11 — Cross-sectional Data
If a company collects employees’ salaries in June 2025, what type of data is this?
📖 点击查看答案
Cross-sectional data.📝 点击查看解析
Cross-sectional data are collected at a single point in time. 横截面数据是同一时间点收集的，这里是 2025 年 6 月的快照。Question 12 — Time Series Data
If a company records its annual profit from 2010–2025, what type of data is this?
📖 点击查看答案
Time series data.📝 点击查看解析
Time series data are collected over multiple time periods. 时间序列数据是在不同时间段收集的，这里是 15 年的年度利润。Question 13 — Existing Sources
A researcher downloads a dataset from a government website. What type of data source is this?
📖 点击查看答案
Existing source.📝 点击查看解析
Data from external databases are considered existing sources. 从政府数据库下载的数据属于已有数据。Question 14 — Statistical Studies
A company conducts a new customer satisfaction survey. What type of data source is this?
📖 点击查看答案
Statistical study.📝 点击查看解析
Surveys are designed studies to collect data directly for research. 顾客调查属于统计研究。Question 15 — Application of Data
Why do businesses prefer data over intuition for decision-making?
📖 点击查看答案
Because data are fact-based and reduce bias in decision-making. 因为数据基于事实，可以减少决策中的偏见。📝 点击查看解析
Decisions made with data are more reliable, objective, and verifiable than those based on intuition. 基于数据的决策更可靠、更客观、更可验证。Question 16 — Concept
Define element in statistics.
📖 点击查看答案
An object or entity on which data are collected. 数据收集的对象或实体。📝 点击查看解析
This is the fundamental unit of study, such as a student, a product, or a country. 元素是研究的基本单位，例如学生、产品或国家。Question 17 — Concept
Define variable in statistics.
📖 点击查看答案
A characteristic or attribute of an element. 元素的某一特征或属性。📝 点击查看解析
Variables determine what aspects of the element are measured. 变量决定了元素被测量的方面。Question 18 — Concept
What is the difference between interval and ratio scales?
📖 点击查看答案
Interval: equal intervals, no true zero. Ratio: equal intervals, has true zero. 区间：有相等间隔，无绝对零点。比率：有相等间隔，有绝对零点。📝 点击查看解析
Example: Celsius temperature is interval (0°C ≠ no temperature). Income is ratio (0 income = no money). 例：摄氏温度是区间尺度，收入是比率尺度。Question 19 — Concept
Explain the difference between categorical data and quantitative data.
📖 点击查看答案
Categorical data classify elements into groups; quantitative data are numeric with measurable meaning. 分类数据将元素分组；数量数据是有度量意义的数值。📝 点击查看解析
Categorical = labels (gender), Quantitative = numbers (age). 分类=标签（性别）；数量=数值（年龄）。Question 20 — Concept
Explain the difference between cross-sectional data and time series data.