Lecture 10 — Discrete Probability Distributions(第10讲——离散概率分布)
1. Random Variables(随机变量)
Definition(定义)
- A random variable represents numerical outcomes of a random experiment.
- 随机变量表示随机实验结果的数值化形式。
Types(类型)
- Discrete random variable: takes countable values (0,1,2,…).
- 离散型随机变量:取可数值 (0,1,2,…)。
- Continuous random variable: takes any value within an interval.
- 连续型随机变量:取区间内任意值。
Example(例子)
- Tossing two coins → X = number of heads (0,1,2).
- 投两次硬币 → X = 出现正面的次数 (0,1,2)。
Application(应用)
- Random variables connect probability theory with data analysis.
- 随机变量连接概率理论与数据分析,是概率分布的基础。
2. Discrete Probability Distribution(离散概率分布)
Concept(概念)
- f(x) assigns a probability to each discrete value of X.
- f(x) 为随机变量 X 的每个可能取值分配概率。
Conditions(条件)
- f(x) ≥ 0 for all x.
- 所有概率非负。
- Σf(x) = 1 for all possible values of X.
- 所有概率之和等于1。
Example(例子)
- Rolling a fair die → each side has probability 1/6.
- 掷公平骰子 → 每面出现的概率为1/6。
Application(应用)
- Used to model counts, sales, or number of defective products.
- 常用于描述销售量、顾客数或产品缺陷数量等离散数据。
3. Example — JSL Appliances(案例:JSL 电器公司)
Description(描述)
- X = number of TVs sold per day, based on 200 days of data.
- X = 每天售出的电视数量(基于200天的数据)。
Calculation(计算)
- Probability for each X: f(x) = frequency ÷ total days.
- 每个取值的概率:f(x) = 频数 ÷ 总天数。
Validation(验证)
- All f(x) ≥ 0 and Σf(x) = 1 → valid distribution.
- 所有 f(x) ≥ 0 且 Σf(x)=1 → 有效的概率分布。
Application(应用)
- Helps forecast sales patterns and plan inventory.
- 帮助预测销售模式与规划库存。
4. Visualization of Distribution(分布的图形展示)
Concept(概念)
- Non-uniform distribution: probabilities differ among outcomes.
- 非均匀分布:不同结果的概率不相等。
Interpretation(解释)
- Bar height represents probability f(x).
- 柱高代表每个取值的概率 f(x)。
- Highest bar → most frequent outcome.
- 最高的柱代表最常见的结果。
Application(应用)
- Visualizes business variability like demand and sales frequency.
- 用于可视化业务波动,如需求频率或销售分布。
- All outcomes are equally likely → f(x) = 1/n.
- 所有结果出现概率相等 → f(x) = 1/n。
- Example: rolling a fair die → f(x)=1/6 for each side.
- 例:掷公平骰子 → 每面概率1/6。
- Outcomes have unequal probabilities.
- 各结果出现的概率不相等。
- Example: TV sales distribution where f(0)=0.40, f(3)=0.05.
- 例:电视销售分布中 f(0)=0.40,f(3)=0.05。
Comparison(比较)
- Equal bar heights → uniform; varied heights → non-uniform.
- 柱高相等为均匀分布,柱高不等为非均匀分布。
6. Expected Value(期望值)
Definition(定义)
- The expected value (mean) represents the long-run average of a random variable.
- 期望值(均值)表示随机变量的长期平均结果。
- E(X) = Σx·f(x).
- E(X) = Σx·f(x)。
Example(例子)
- For JSL, E(X)=1.20 → average daily TV sales = 1.2 units.
- 对于JSL公司,E(X)=1.20 → 平均每日销售1.2台电视。
Application(应用)
- Used for demand forecasting and strategic planning.
- 用于需求预测与战略规划。
7. Variance and Standard Deviation(方差与标准差)
Concept(概念)
- Variance measures how far data deviate from the mean.
- 方差衡量数据与均值的偏离程度。
- Standard deviation σ = √Var(X), in the same unit as X.
- 标准差 σ = √Var(X),与原单位相同。
- Var(X) = Σ(x−μ)²·f(x).
- Var(X) = Σ(x−μ)²·f(x)。
Example(例子)
- For JSL, σ² = 1.66, σ = 1.29 TVs/day.
- 对于JSL公司,σ² = 1.66,σ = 1.29 台/天。
Interpretation(解释)
- Indicates moderate variability in daily sales.
- 表示每日销量存在中等波动。
Application(应用)
- Measures business risk, investment volatility, and production stability.
- 衡量商业风险、投资波动与生产稳定性。
8. Key Takeaways(核心总结)
Summary(总结)
- Random variables link real events to probability models.
- 随机变量将现实事件与概率模型相联系。
- Discrete distributions describe countable events with Σf(x)=1.
- 离散分布描述所有概率之和为1的可数事件。
- Expected value → measures central tendency.
- 期望值用于衡量集中趋势。
- Variance & σ → measure variability or spread.
- 方差与标准差用于衡量离散程度或波动性。
- Core tools for forecasting, risk assessment, and decision-making.
- 是预测、风险评估与决策制定的核心工具。