Lecture 12 — Continuous Probability Distributions(第12讲——连续概率分布)
1. Overview (概览)
Topics Covered(主要内容)
- Random variable(随机变量)
- Continuous probability distribution(连续概率分布)
- Expected value and variance(期望与方差)
- Uniform probability distribution(均匀分布)
- Normal probability distribution(正态分布)
Key Idea(核心思想)
- Continuous distributions describe outcomes that can take any real value within an interval.
- 连续分布用于描述可在某区间内取任意值的随机变量。
2. Continuous Random Variable(连续型随机变量)
Definition(定义)
- Can assume any value within an interval.
- 可以在某个区间内取任意值。
- Probability at a single point = 0; only interval probabilities matter.
- 单点概率为 0,区间概率才有意义。
Property(性质)
- P(a ≤ X ≤ b) = P(a < X < b)
- 端点是否包含不影响结果。
Example(例子)
- Height, weight, time, temperature.
- 身高、体重、时间、温度。
3. Continuous Probability Distribution(连续概率分布)
Concept(概念)
- Probability = area under the pdf curve between x₁ and x₂.
- 概率等于概率密度函数曲线下的面积。
Probability Density Function (pdf)(概率密度函数)
- Conditions:
- f(x) ≥ 0
- ∫₋∞⁺∞ f(x) dx = 1
- 满足非负性与总概率为1。
Visual Explanation(图像解析)
- Area under the curve between x₁ and x₂ represents P(x₁ ≤ X ≤ x₂).
- 曲线下的面积表示变量落在区间内的概率。
Definition(定义)
- Each value within [a, b] is equally likely.
- 区间 [a, b] 内每个值的发生概率相等。
- f(x) = 1 / (b − a) for a ≤ x ≤ b, else 0.
- 密度函数在区间内为常数。
- E(X) = (a + b) / 2
- Var(X) = (b − a)² / 12
- 期望为区间中点,方差取决于区间宽度。
Example — Salad Weight(例子——沙拉重量)
- X ~ U(5, 15): f(x) = 1/10
- E(X) = 10, Var(X) = 8.33
- Probability between 12 and 15 = (15−12)/10 = 0.3
- 顾客取 12–15 盎司沙拉的概率为 0.3。
Application(应用)
- Simulation, equal-likelihood modeling, resource allocation.
- 模拟实验、等概率建模、资源分配。
5. Normal Probability Distribution(正态分布)
Definition(定义)
- Continuous, symmetric, bell-shaped distribution.
- 一种连续、对称、钟形的分布。
- f(x) = 1 / (σ√2π) · e^[-(x−μ)² / (2σ²)]
- 由平均值 μ 与标准差 σ 决定。
Parameters(参数)
- μ (mean 平均值): center of the curve.
- σ (standard deviation 标准差): spread or width of the curve.
- 描述中心与离散程度。
Notation(符号)
- X ~ N(μ, σ)
- 读作“X 服从均值为 μ、标准差为 σ 的正态分布”。
6. Characteristics of Normal Distribution(正态分布的特性)
Symmetry(对称性)
- Symmetric about μ with skewness = 0.
- 关于 μ 对称,偏度为 0。
Effects of Parameters(参数的影响)
- Changing μ: moves curve left/right (水平平移)。
- Changing σ: affects width/height (宽度与高度变化)。
- σ↑ → 曲线更扁平;σ↓ → 曲线更陡峭。
Visual Examples(图像说明)
- μ = −10, 0, 25 → curves shift horizontally.
- σ = 15, 25 → curves become narrow or wide.
- 图像展示了均值变化导致曲线平移、标准差变化导致形态改变。
7. The Empirical Rule (68–95–99.7 Rule)(经验法则)
Concept(概念)
- Describes how data are distributed around the mean in a normal distribution.
- 说明数据在均值附近的分布规律。
Rule(法则)
- 68% within μ ± 1σ
- 95% within μ ± 2σ
- 99.7% within μ ± 3σ
Example(例子)
- μ = 100, σ = 10 →
- 68%: 90–110
- 95%: 80–120
- 99.7%: 70–130
Applications(应用)
- Quick data dispersion estimation, process control, reliability testing.
- 快速估计离散程度,用于过程控制与可靠性分析。
Visual Interpretation(图像解析)
- Green (68.26%), Brown (95.44%), Blue (99.72%).
- 三个彩色区间展示不同置信范围的覆盖比例。
8. Summary(总结)
Key Takeaways(核心要点)
- Continuous distributions describe probabilities using areas under curves.
- 连续分布通过曲线下的面积表示概率。
- Uniform distribution: equal likelihood, constant pdf.
- 均匀分布:区间内等概率。
- Normal distribution: symmetric, defined by μ and σ.
- 正态分布:以 μ、σ 为参数,呈钟形对称。
- Empirical Rule provides intuitive understanding of dispersion.
- 经验法则帮助快速判断数据分布范围。