📑 会计基础知识速查表 (Quick Reference Sheet: Slides 1–16)
| 知识点 (Concept) | 解释 (Explanation) | 例子 (Example) | 拓展 (Extension) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Owner-Managers(业主兼经理人) | 创始人兼管理者,既是老板又管业务。 Founders who own & manage. | 夫妻开面包店,既是老板又管运营。 A couple runs a bakery. | 集中所有权=强控制但高风险。 Concentrated ownership = strong control + risk. |
| Creditors(债权人) | 提供贷款并收利息。 Lend money, earn interest. | 银行借10万,收6%利息。 Bank lends $100k, 6% rate. | 有担保/无担保;清算偿付顺序关键。 Secured vs unsecured, repayment priority. |
| Investors(投资者) | 买股票获所有权,赚股息和资本利得。 Buy stock, get dividends + capital gains. | 买100股苹果股票。 Buys 100 Apple shares. | 行为金融学研究从众/过度自信。 Behavioral finance: herd, overconfidence. |
| Manufacturers(制造商) | 自制或采购零件生产产品。 Make or buy parts to produce. | 特斯拉自产电池,采购芯片。 Tesla makes batteries, buys chips. | 供应链中的纵向一体化和JIT。 Vertical integration, JIT systems. |
| Accounting System(会计系统) | 收集、处理并报告财务信息。 Collect, process, report info. | ERP记录销售与费用,生成报告。 ERP logs sales & expenses. | AI驱动实时分析预测风险。 AI-driven real-time analytics. |
| Financial vs. Managerial Accounting | 财务会计=外部+定期;管理会计=内部+持续。 Financial = external; Managerial = internal. | 年度利润表 vs 每周预算差异。 Annual IS vs weekly variance. | 战略管理会计结合竞争分析。 Strategic mgmt accounting = competitor analysis. |
| Four Statements(四大报表) | 利润表、资产负债表、现金流量表、留存收益表。 IS, BS, CF, RE. | 年报包含四表。 Annual report has all 4. | 比率分析:流动性/盈利能力等。 Ratio analysis: liquidity, profitability. |
| Balance Sheet & Equation(资产负债表与会计恒等式) | 资产 = 负债 + 股东权益。 Assets = Liab + Equity. | 27,261 = 16,156 + 11,105 | 公允价值、表外融资挑战传统。 Fair value & off-BS financing. |
| Cash(现金) | 银行账户和手头资金。 Cash in accounts/on hand. | 银行账户 $5,000。 $5k in account. | 资金管理涉及流动性和对冲。 Liquidity & FX hedging. |
| Accounts Receivable(应收账款) | 客户因赊销欠款。 Customer debts from credit sales. | 赊销 $5,000。 $5k sold on credit. | 账龄分析和保理降低风险。 Aging & factoring manage risk. |
| Inventories(存货) | 原料、在制品、产成品。 Raw, WIP, finished goods. | 库存衣服 $8,000。 $8k unsold clothes. | FIFO/LIFO 影响利润和税收。 FIFO/LIFO impact profit & taxes. |
| Plant & Equipment(厂房与设备) | 工厂和机器。 Factories, machines. | 价值 $7,000 的装配机械。 $7k machinery. | 折旧方法影响价值。 Depreciation methods matter. |
| Land(土地) | 工厂或建筑用地。 Land for factory/buildings. | 厂区地 $981,000。 $981k land. | 不折旧,但公允价值波动。 No depreciation, fair value fluctuates. |
| Accounts Payable(应付账款) | 欠供应商的钱。 Owed to suppliers. | 赊购 $10,000 商品。 $10k credit purchase. | 现金转换周期一环,延期有风险。 CCC part, delay hurts ties. |
| Notes Payable(应付票据) | 书面债务合同,带利息。 Written debt with interest. | $50,000 贷款,两年期。 $50k 2-year loan. | 涉及利率风险和债务契约。 Interest risk & covenants. |
| Contributed Capital(实收资本) | 股东直接投资金额。 Direct investment by stockholders. | 新股发行 $2,000。 $2k stock issued. | 涉及股权稀释与资本结构。 Dilution & capital structure trade-offs. |
| Retained Earnings(留存收益) | 未分红利润留在公司。 Past profits reinvested. | $9,105 用于购设备。 $9,105 for equipment. | 关键于增长模型与分红政策。 Growth models & dividend policy. |
| Reporting Rules(报表呈现规则) | 必须写公司名、标题、日期、单位,首项与合计加“$”。 Name, title, date, unit, use “$” at first & totals. | “MAXIDRIVE, Balance Sheet, Dec 31, 2006, in thousands.” | 确保可比性,符合 GAAP/IFRS。 Ensures comparability, GAAP/IFRS. |