Topic 1 Practice Questions with Bilingual Answers
本页包含 Topic 1 的 25 道双语练习题（含可折叠答案与解析），适用于 Quartz / GitHub Pages / 标准 Markdown 渲染。
Question 1 — Owner-Managers vs. Creditors vs. Investors
Liu Wei founded a bakery business and both manages and owns it. His cousin lends the business ¥50,000 at 5% annual interest, while another friend buys shares worth ¥30,000.
- Identify which party is the owner-manager, creditor, and investor.
- Explain how each expects to gain from the business.
📖 点击查看答案
- Liu Wei = Owner-Manager（业主兼经理人）
- Cousin = Creditor（债权人）
- Friend = Investor（投资者）
📝 点击查看解析
Owner-managers both own and run the business; creditors earn interest; investors expect dividends or capital gains.
业主兼经理人既是所有者也是经营者；债权人赚取利息；投资者期望股息或资本利得。
Question 2 — Balance Sheet Classification
Classify the following items:
- Accounts receivable ¥15,000
- Notes payable ¥20,000
- Contributed capital ¥50,000
- Cash ¥10,000
- Retained earnings ¥25,000
📖 点击查看答案
- Accounts receivable → Asset
- Notes payable → Liability
- Contributed capital → Equity
- Cash → Asset
- Retained earnings → Equity
📝 点击查看解析
Assets are resources; liabilities are obligations; equity is owners’ claims.
资产是资源；负债是义务；权益是所有者权益。
Question 3 — Balance Sheet Completion
| ASSETS | LIABILITIES |
|---|---|
| Cash 18,000 | Accounts payable 5,200 |
| Accounts receivable 12,400 | Notes payable 8,600 |
| Inventories 7,300 | Total liabilities ? |
| Plant and equipment 22,000 | |
| Land 4,000 | Equity |
| Total assets ? | Contributed capital 10,000 |
| Retained earnings 39,900 | |
| Total equity ? |
📖 点击查看答案
- Total assets = 63,700
- Total liabilities = 13,800
- Total equity = 49,900
📝 点击查看解析
Assets = Liabilities + Equity.
资产 = 负债 + 权益。
Question 4 — Accounting Equation
Assets = 120,000; Liabilities = 70,000 → Equity = ?
📖 点击查看答案
Equity = 50,000
📝 点击查看解析
Equity = Assets − Liabilities.
权益 = 资产 − 负债。
Question 5 — Financial vs. Managerial Accounting
Annual income statement vs. weekly budget variance report.
📖 点击查看答案
- Annual income statement = Financial accounting
- Weekly budget report = Managerial accounting
📝 点击查看解析
Financial = external, periodic; Managerial = internal, continuous.
财务会计偏外部定期；管理会计偏内部持续。
Question 6 — Investor Returns
100 shares @ 1/share; price rises to $30.
📖 点击查看答案
- Dividend income = 100
- Capital gain = 1,000
📝 点击查看解析
Return = dividends + capital gains.
回报 = 股息 + 资本利得。
Question 7 — Accounts Receivable
Sold on credit 80,000; uncollected 20,000.
📖 点击查看答案
Accounts receivable = 20,000
📝 点击查看解析
Uncollected credit sales are assets.
未收回的赊销款属于资产。
Question 8 — Inventories
Steel sheets; half-assembled engines; completed cars.
📖 点击查看答案
- Raw material = Steel sheets
- WIP = Half-assembled engines
- Finished goods = Completed cars
📝 点击查看解析
Inventory is classified by production stage.
按生产阶段分类。
Question 9 — Plant & Equipment
Machinery 50,000; life 10 years; straight-line.
📖 点击查看答案
Annual depreciation = 5,000
📝 点击查看解析
Straight-line = Cost ÷ Life.
直线法 = 成本 ÷ 年限。
Question 10 — Land
Land 200,000; market 280,000.
📖 点击查看答案
- Not depreciated
- Increase not recorded
📝 点击查看解析
Land is not depreciated and recorded at historical cost.
土地不折旧，按历史成本计量。
Question 11 — Accounts Payable
Credit purchase 15,000; 30-day term.
📖 点击查看答案
Accounts payable = 15,000
📝 点击查看解析
AP represents short-term obligations to suppliers.
应付账款是短期对供应商的负债。
Question 12 — Notes Payable
Loan 40,000, 2-year, 8%.
📖 点击查看答案
Annual interest = 3,200
📝 点击查看解析
Interest = Principal × Rate.
利息 = 本金 × 利率。
Question 13 — Contributed Capital
Issued stock 25,000.
📖 点击查看答案
Contributed capital increases by 25,000
📝 点击查看解析
Contributed capital reflects shareholder investment.
实收资本反映股东投入。
Question 14 — Retained Earnings
Beg RE 60,000; Net income 15,000; Dividends 5,000.
📖 点击查看答案
Ending RE = 70,000
📝 点击查看解析
Ending RE = Beginning RE + NI − Dividends.
期末留存 = 期初 + 净利 − 股利。
Question 15 — Income Statement
Revenues 120,000; COGS 70,000; S&A 20,000; Interest 2,000; Tax 8,000.
📖 点击查看答案
Net income = 20,000
📝 点击查看解析
Net income = Revenues − Expenses.
净利润 = 收入 − 费用。
Question 16 — Ratio Analysis
CA 50,000; CL 25,000.
📖 点击查看答案
Current ratio = 2.0
📝 点击查看解析
Current ratio = CA ÷ CL.
流动比率 = 流动资产 ÷ 流动负债。
Question 17 — Depreciation Methods
Compare straight-line vs. declining balance.
📖 点击查看答案
- Declining balance: higher expense early
- Straight-line: even expense each year
📝 点击查看解析
Accelerated methods front-load expense.
加速折旧前期费用更高。
Question 18 — Cash Flow Categories
Customer cash; buy equipment; pay dividends; bank loan.
📖 点击查看答案
- Operating: customer cash
- Investing: buy equipment
- Financing: dividends, bank loan
📝 点击查看解析
Cash flows are classified as operating, investing, financing.
现金流分为经营、投资、筹资。
Question 19 — Fair Value vs. Historical Cost
📖 点击查看答案
- Fair value = current market value
- Historical cost = purchase price
📝 点击查看解析
Fair value reflects market; historical cost reflects acquisition.
公允价值反映市场；历史成本反映取得成本。
Question 20 — Off-Balance-Sheet Financing
📖 点击查看答案
Financing not recorded on balance sheet, e.g., operating lease.
📝 点击查看解析
Used to avoid recording liabilities and improve ratios.
用于避免确认负债、改善比率。
Question 21 — Dividend Policy
Earnings 100,000; dividends 40,000.
📖 点击查看答案
- Payout ratio = 40%
- Plowback ratio = 60%
📝 点击查看解析
Shows distribution vs retention.
体现分红与留存比例。
Question 22 — Gordon Growth Model
D0 = 2; g = 5%; r = 10%.
📖 点击查看答案
P = D1 / (r − g) = 2.1 / 0.05 = 42
📝 点击查看解析
Use next period dividend: D1 = D0(1+g).
用下一期股利。
Question 23 — Liquidity vs. Solvency
📖 点击查看答案
- Liquidity: Current ratio
- Solvency: Debt-to-equity
📝 点击查看解析
Liquidity = short-term; Solvency = long-term.
流动性看短期；偿债能力看长期。
Question 24 — Profitability Ratios
📖 点击查看答案
- ROA
- ROE
📝 点击查看解析
Profitability ratios measure earning efficiency.
盈利比率衡量收益效率。
Question 25 — Integrated Balance Sheet & Retained Earnings
Beg RE 50,000; Net income 12,000; Dividends 4,000; Assets 200,000; Liabilities 120,000.
📖 点击查看答案
- Ending RE = 58,000
- Equity = 80,000
📝 点击查看解析
Net income flows into retained earnings and equity.
净利润进入留存收益并影响权益。