相关例题

Inventory Accounting Comprehensive Problem（综合应用题——存货核算）

Company Background (公司背景): Maple Trading Ltd. uses a periodic inventory system. The following transactions occurred during January 2025:

Date	Transaction	Units	Unit Cost / Selling Price
Jan 1	Beginning inventory	100	$6
Jan 2	Purchase	200	$7
Jan 5	Sale	150	$12
Jan 10	Purchase	300	$10
Jan 15	Sale	250	$15
Jan 30	Purchase	50	$11

Additional information:

• On Dec. 31, 2024, Maple ordered goods from a supplier (FOB shipping point). Goods shipped on Dec. 28, 2024, and arrived on Jan. 3, 2025.
• Market value of ending inventory on Jan. 31, 2025, is $8 per unit.
• Maple’s income tax rate is 30%, and total sales for January equal $10,000\ast \ast with\ast \ast operatingexpensesof$2,000.

Required:

1. Compute the ending inventory and COGS using (a) FIFO periodic, (b) LIFO periodic, (c) Weighted Average.
2. Determine the net income under each method.
3. Prepare adjusting entry under Lower of Cost or Market (LCM).
4. Explain which inventory method Maple should choose from a financial statement perspective and tax strategy perspective.

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题干——Maple Trading Ltd.（2025年1月）

Maple Trading Ltd. 使用定期盘存制。以下为1月份的交易：

日期	交易	数量	单位成本 / 售价
1月1日	期初存货	100	$6
1月2日	进货	200	$7
1月5日	销货	150	$12
1月10日	进货	300	$10
1月15日	销货	250	$15
1月30日	进货	50	$11

补充信息：

• 2024年12月31日，公司订购一批货物（FOB装运点），12月28日发货，1月3日到货，应计入2024年存货。
• 截至1月31日，期末存货市价为$8/单位。
• 所得税率30%，本月销售额$10,000，营业费用$2,000。

要求：

1. 计算(a)先进先出法、(b)后进先出法、(c)加权平均法下的期末存货与销货成本。
2. 计算各法下的净利润。
3. 编制按“成本与市价孰低法”调整分录。
4. 分析从财务报表与税务策略角度，公司应选择哪种方法。

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📖 点击查看答案

(1) FIFO Periodic: Ending Inventory = 250 units = 50×$11+200\times$10 = $2,150\ast \ast COGS=5,550-2,150=\ast \ast$3,400

(2) LIFO Periodic: Ending Inventory = 100×$6+150\times$7 = $1,650\ast \ast COGS=5,550-1,650=\ast \ast$3,900

(3) Weighted Average: Avg. Cost = 5,550 ÷ 650 = $8.54EndingInventory=250\times 8.54=\ast \ast$2,135** COGS = 400 × 8.54 = $3,416

(4) Net Income (税后净利):

Method	Sales	COGS	Oper. Exp	Income	Tax (30%)	Net Income
FIFO	10,000	3,400	2,000	4,600	1,380	3,220
LIFO	10,000	3,900	2,000	4,100	1,230	2,870
Weighted Avg	10,000	3,416	2,000	4,584	1,375	3,209

(5) LCM Adjustment Entry: Cost per unit (FIFO) = $8.6>Market$8 → Write-down Loss = (8.6 − 8.0) × 250 = $150

Journal Entry: Dr. Cost of Goods Sold 150 Cr. Inventory 150

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📝 点击查看解析

Step 1 — Identify Goods in Transit (识别在途商品) Under FOB Shipping Point, Dec. 28 shipment belongs to buyer (2024 inventory). (因发运点交货，货物应计入2024存货，不计入2025。)

Step 2 — Compute COGS and Ending Inventory (计算销货成本与期末库存)

• FIFO uses earliest costs → higher income when prices rise.
• LIFO uses latest costs → lower income & taxes under inflation.
• Weighted Average smooths out fluctuations.

Step 3 — Apply LCM Principle (成本与市价孰低法) Market < Cost → Recognize immediate loss (Conservatism).

Step 4 — Analyze Net Income and Tax (利润与税务分析)

• FIFO: highest profit, largest tax expense → good for investor presentation.
• LIFO: lowest profit, least tax → good for tax saving.
• Weighted Avg: moderate balance between both.

Step 5 — Internal Control Implications (内部控制角度) Company must:

• Separate handling and accounting duties.
• Maintain perpetual records even if periodic system used.
• Compare book and physical counts regularly.

Conclusion (结论): FIFO improves financial appearance, LIFO saves taxes, Weighted Avg balances reporting stability. Under inflation, LIFO offers the best tax strategy; under deflation or stable prices, FIFO provides stronger balance sheet values.

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Inventory Accounting under Perpetual System（永续盘存制下的存货核算）

Company Background (公司背景): Pine Electronics Ltd. maintains a perpetual inventory system. The following transactions occurred in March 2025:

Date	Transaction	Units	Unit Cost / Selling Price
Mar 1	Beginning inventory	500	$20
Mar 5	Purchase	300	$22
Mar 10	Sale	400	$40
Mar 15	Purchase	200	$25
Mar 20	Sale	300	$42
Mar 31	Purchase	100	$26

Additional information:

• Market value at March 31: $23 per unit.
• Operating expenses for the month: $2,500.
• Income tax rate: 30%.
• All sales are on account.
• The company applies the Lower of Cost or Market (LCM) rule at month-end.

Required:

1. Prepare all journal entries for purchases and sales under the perpetual system (including COGS).
2. Compute ending inventory and COGS using the FIFO perpetual method.
3. Apply the Lower of Cost or Market adjustment at March 31.
4. Compute net income after tax.
5. Explain the advantages of the perpetual inventory system compared to the periodic system.

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题干——Pine Electronics Ltd.（2025年3月）

Pine Electronics Ltd. 使用永续盘存制，3月份发生以下交易：

日期	交易	数量	单位成本 / 售价
3月1日	期初存货	500	$20
3月5日	进货	300	$22
3月10日	销货	400	$40
3月15日	进货	200	$25
3月20日	销货	300	$42
3月31日	进货	100	$26

其他信息：

• 截至3月31日，市价为$23/单位。
• 营业费用$2,500。
• 所得税率30%。
• 所有销售为赊销。
• 月末采用**成本与市价孰低法（LCM）**调整。

要求：

1. 编制永续盘存制下的采购与销售分录（含销货成本）。
2. 采用**先进先出法（FIFO）**计算期末库存与销货成本。
3. 按“成本与市价孰低法”进行月末调整。
4. 计算税后净利润。
5. 简要说明永续盘存制的优点。

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📖 点击查看答案

(1) Journal Entries (分录)

Purchases:

• Mar 5 Dr. Inventory 6,600  Cr. Accounts Payable 6,600
• Mar 15 Dr. Inventory 5,000  Cr. Accounts Payable 5,000
• Mar 31 Dr. Inventory 2,600  Cr. Accounts Payable 2,600

Sales & Cost of Goods Sold:

• Mar 10 Dr. Accounts Receivable 16,000  Cr. Sales Revenue 16,000      Dr. COGS 8,000  Cr. Inventory 8,000
• Mar 20 Dr. Accounts Receivable 12,600  Cr. Sales Revenue 12,600      Dr. COGS 6,700  Cr. Inventory 6,700

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(2) FIFO Perpetual Calculations

Step	Description	Units	Unit Cost	Total
Beginning Inventory		500	$20	$10,000
Purchase #1	+300	$22	$6,600
Sale #1 (Mar 10)	400×$20			COGS = $8,000
Remaining	100×$20+300\times$22			$8,600
Purchase #2	+200×$25			$5,000
Sale #2 (Mar 20)	100×$20+200\times$22			COGS = $6,700
Remaining	100×$25+100\times$22			200 units
Purchase #3	+100×$26			$2,600
Ending Inventory	100×$25+100\times$22 + 100×$26			$7,300
Total COGS	8,000 + 6,700 = $14,700

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(3) LCM Adjustment: Market = 200 × $23=$6,900 Write-down = 7,300 − 6,900 = $400

Journal Entry: Dr. Cost of Goods Sold 400 Cr. Inventory 400

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(4) Net Income:

Item	Amount
Sales Revenue	28,600
Less: COGS (14,700 + 400 adj.)	15,100
Gross Profit	13,500
Operating Expenses	2,500
Income Before Tax	11,000
Income Tax (30%)	3,300
Net Income	$7,700

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(5) Advantages of Perpetual System:

• Real-time tracking of inventory and COGS.
• Instant profit updates after each sale.
• Better fraud prevention and accuracy.
• Reduces year-end adjustments.

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📝 点击查看解析

Step 1 — 永续盘存制的特征 每次交易都会更新库存与销货成本，系统实时反映库存数量与价值。

Step 2 — FIFO逻辑 最早购买的商品最先售出；较新商品留在期末存货中。

Step 3 — LCM调整 当市价低于成本时，立即计提跌价损失（借COGS、贷Inventory）。体现稳健性原则。

Step 4 — 利润与税务分析 FIFO在价格上升期会显示较高利润与税负；但资产负债表的库存更接近现行成本。

Step 5 — 永续盘存制优点

• 实时数据助力经营决策
• 降低舞弊与差错风险
• 减少期末盘点压力
• 与ERP系统兼容性高

结论： 永续盘存制下，FIFO方法能实时反映成本与利润变动，为管理层提供更准确的决策依据。

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✅ 本题考查要点总结：

• 永续盘存制（Perpetual System）分录与库存更新机制
• FIFO成本流转逻辑
• 成本与市价孰低法（LCM）调整
• 净利润与税务影响
• 内部控制与稳健性原则

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