Impairment of Assets (资产减值)
1. Purpose of Impairment Test (减值测试的目的)
Ensuring carrying amount does not exceed recoverable amount(确保账面价值不超过可收回金额)
Prevent overstatement of assets(防止资产高估)
Protect faithful representation in financial statements(保证报表真实可靠)
2. Key Definitions (关键定义)
Carrying Amount(账面价值)
- Cost minus accumulated depreciation/amortization(成本−累计折旧/摊销)
Recoverable Amount(可收回金额)
- Higher of FVLCD and VIU(FVLCD 与 VIU 中较高者)
Impairment Loss(减值损失)
- Carrying amount − recoverable amount(账面价值−可收回金额)
3. Components of Recoverable Amount (可收回金额的构成)
Fair Value Less Costs of Disposal, FVLCD(公允价值减去处置成本)
- Fair value = orderly transaction price(公允价值 = 在有序交易中的价格)
- Costs of disposal = legal fees, removal costs(处置成本 = 法律费、拆除费)
Value in Use, VIU(使用价值)
- Present value of expected future cash flows(未来现金流量的现值)
4. Identifying Impairment Indicators (识别减值迹象)
External indicators(外部迹象)
- Market value decline(市场价值下降)
- Market/environment deterioration(市场或环境恶化)
- Interest rate changes(利率变化)
- Market capitalization drop(市值下降)
Internal indicators(内部迹象)
- Obsolescence/physical damage(过时或损坏)
- Change in asset usage(用途变化)
- Underperformance(经营表现恶化)
5. Impairment Test Logic (减值测试逻辑)
If carrying amount < recoverable amount → NOT impaired(账面价值 < 可收回金额 → 未减值)
If carrying amount > recoverable amount → Impaired(账面价值 > 可收回金额 → 发生减值)
New carrying amount = recoverable amount(新账面价值 = 可收回金额)
6. Mandatory Annual Tests (必须每年进行的减值测试)
Indefinite-life intangible assets(无限使用年限无形资产)
- E.g., trademarks, perpetual franchises(如商标、永久特许权)
Assets not yet available for use(尚未可使用的资产)
- Work-in-progress development(研发中的在建项目)
Goodwill(商誉)
- Must be tested annually(必须年度减值测试)
7. Recognition & Journal Entries (减值的确认与会计分录)
Impairment recognized in P/L(减值损失计入当期损益)
- Dr Impairment Loss
- Cr Accumulated Impairment Loss (contra-asset)
Impact(影响)
- Decreases assets(减少资产)
- Lowers equity through retained earnings(降低所有者权益)
8. Depreciation After Impairment (减值后的折旧)
Based on revised carrying amount(基于新的账面价值)
Depreciated on remaining useful life(按剩余使用年限摊销)
Reduces future depreciation expenses(减少未来折旧费用)
9. Example 1 Summary (示例1总结)
Compute carrying amount before impairment(计算减值前账面价值)
Compare FVLCD vs VIU → select higher recoverable amount(比较FVLCD与VIU)
Impairment exists if CA > RA(若账面价值 > 可收回金额 → 减值)
Beta impaired by 3,000; Delta no impairment(Beta 减值3,000;Delta未减值)
10. Example 2 Summary (示例2总结)
Step 1: Record acquisition(记录购置分录)
Step 2: Record depreciation(计提折旧)
- Straight-line = 210,000 ÷ 7 = 30,000
Step 3: Determine impairment(判断减值)
- BV 180,000 vs RA 144,000 → loss 36,000
Step 4: Record impairment(记录减值)
- Dr Impairment Loss 36,000
- Cr Accumulated Impairment Loss 36,000
Step 5: New depreciation(新的折旧)
- 144,000 ÷ 6 years = 24,000 per year
11. Overall Framework (总体框架)
Identify → Measure → Compare → Record → Depreciate(识别 → 计量 → 比较 → 确认 → 后续折旧)
Ensures assets reported at recoverable amount(确保资产按可收回金额列报)