Liabilities, Interest, Present Value & Bond Valuation (负债、利息、现值与债券估值)
1. Sources of Financing (融资来源)
1.1 Debt Financing – Funds from Creditors(债务融资——来自债权人的资金)
Essence / 本质: Borrowed money that must be repaid with interest.
(向外部借入资金,将来必须连本带息偿还。)
Features / 特点:
Legal obligation to pay interest and principal.(利息与本金是法律义务。)
Creditors can force bankruptcy if unpaid.(未支付时债权人可以申请破产清算。)
Advantages / 优点: Interest is tax-deductible; no ownership dilution.(利息可税前抵扣,不稀释股权。)
1.2 Equity Financing – Funds from Owners(权益融资——来自所有者的资金)
Essence / 本质: Owners contribute capital in exchange for ownership (shares).
(所有者投入资金换取股权。)
Features / 特点:
Dividends are not legal obligations.(股利不是法律义务,可不发。)
Residual claim on assets and profits.(股东对剩余资产和利润有索取权。)
1.3 Risk Comparison: Debt vs Equity(风险比较:债务 vs 权益)
Debt is considered riskier because:
Interest is a legal obligation(利息是强制的)
Creditors can force bankruptcy(债权人可强制破产)
Equity is riskier for investors but safer for company solvency.(对投资者风险高,对企业偿债风险低。)
2. Liabilities Overview (负债概念与分类)
2.1 Definition of Liabilities(负债的定义)
Definition / 定义:
Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations from past transactions.
(由于过去交易形成的现时义务,预计将导致未来经济利益的流出。)
Paid with assets or services.(通常用现金、其他资产或劳务偿还。)
2.2 Classification: Current vs Noncurrent(分类:流动与非流动负债)
Current liabilities(流动负债):
Maturity within 1 year or the operating cycle.(一年或营业周期内到期。)
Examples: A/P, short-term notes, wages payable, current portion of long-term debt.
Noncurrent liabilities(非流动负债):
Maturity > 1 year.(一年以上到期。)
Examples: long-term notes, bonds payable, long-term leases.
2.3 Measurement at Present Cash Equivalent(按现时现金等价物计量)
Current cash equivalent(当前现金等价价值):
Amount a creditor would accept today to cancel the debt.
(债权人今天愿意接受以了结债务的金额。)
Essentially the present value of future cash outflows .(实质上是未来现金流出的现值。)
2.4 Common Liability Accounts(常见负债账户)
2.4.1 Accounts Payable / Trade Accounts Payable(应付账款)
Obligations to pay for goods and services used in normal operations.
(因购买存货和服务形成的短期应付款项。)
2.4.2 Accrued Liabilities(应计负债)
Expenses incurred but not yet paid (wages, interest, taxes).
(已发生但尚未支付的费用,如工资、利息、税金。)
2.4.3 Notes Payable(应付票据)
Formal written obligations, often with an explicit interest rate.
(书面票据形式的负债,通常注明利率和到期日。)
2.4.4 Deferred / Unearned Revenues(递延/预收收入)
Cash received before revenue is earned; obligation to provide goods/services.
(先收款后履约,形成对客户的合同义务。)
3. Liquidity Measures (短期偿债能力指标)
3.1 Current Ratio(流动比率)
Current Ratio = Current Liabilities Current Assets
Interpretation / 含义: Higher ratio → stronger ability to pay short-term obligations.
(比率越高,短期偿债能力越强。)
3.2 Working Capital(营运资金)
Working Capital = Current Assets − Current Liabilities
Interpretation / 含义: Positive working capital indicates a buffer of liquid resources.
(为正说明企业有一定的安全垫。)
3.3 Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio(应付账款周转率)
A/P Turnover = Average Accounts Payable Total Net Credit Purchases
Interpretation / 含义:
Higher turnover → pay suppliers quickly.(周转率高表示付款快。)
Used to compute days payable outstanding.(可推算平均付款期。)
4. Notes Payable & Interest (应付票据与利息)
4.1 Interest Basics(利息基础)
Interest = Principal × Interest Rate × Time
Time = 1 for full year; fraction (e.g., 2/12) for partial year.
(一年记为 1,少于一年按月数折成分数。)
4.2 Lender vs Borrower Perspective(债权人与债务人视角)
To the lender, interest = interest revenue .(对出借方是利息收入。)
To the borrower, interest = interest expense .(对借款方是利息费用。)
4.3 Example: Starbucks Short-Term Note(短期票据示例)
Borrow $100,000, 12% annual, 2 months:
Interest = 100 , 000 × 12% × 12 2 = 2 , 000
Journal entry at maturity: record interest expense & pay cash.
(到期确认利息费用并支付现金。)
5. Contingent Liabilities (或有负债)
5.1 Probability vs Estimability Table(可能性与可计量性矩阵)
Probable + Estimable(可能且可估计) → Record liability and expense.(确认负债与费用。)
Probable/Reasonably possible + Not estimable(难以估计金额) → Disclose in notes.(附注披露。)
Remote(可能性极低) → No action.(无需确认或披露。)
5.2 Typical Examples(典型例子)
Lawsuits, guarantees, environmental obligations, warranties.
(诉讼、担保、环境义务、产品保修等。)
6. Long-Term Liabilities (长期负债)
6.1 Collateral & Pledges(抵押与质押)
Creditors may require borrowers to pledge specific assets as security.
(债权人常要求借款人以特定资产作担保。)
6.2 Current vs Long-Term Portion(当期部分与长期部分)
Current portion of long-term debt reclassified as current liability.
(一年内到期部分划为流动负债。)
7. Present Value Concepts (现值概念)
7.1 Time Value of Money(货币时间价值)
A dollar today > a dollar in the future due to earning potential.
(今天的一元因为可以投资生息,价值大于未来的一元。)
7.2 Four Key Variables(四个关键变量)
Present value (PV) / Future value (FV) / Interest rate r / Number of periods n .
任意 3 个变量可求出第 4 个。
7.3 Tools for PV Calculations(现值计算工具)
PV tables(现值表)
Financial calculators(金融计算器)
Excel functions: PV, FV, RATE, NPER 等。
8. Present Value of a Single Amount (单笔金额现值)
8.1 Definition & Timeline(定义与时间轴)
PV = today’s value of a future single cash flow.
(现值是单笔未来现金流折算到今天的价值。)
Timeline: Future value → discounted back through compounding periods to today.
8.2 Formula(公式)
8.3 Example(例子:3 年后 $1,331)
Given F V = 1 , 331 , r = 10% , n = 3 :
P V = 1. 1 3 1 , 331 = 1 , 000
Using PV table: factor 0.7513 → 1 , 331 × 0.7513 ≈ 1 , 000 。
9. Present Value of an Annuity (年金现值)
9.1 Definition of Annuity(年金的定义)
Series of equal payments at regular intervals (ordinary annuity if at period-end).
(在固定间隔内支付等额现金流;期末支付为普通年金。)
9.2 Formula & Table(公式与表格)
P V I F A = present value interest factor of an annuity.
9.3 Example: $1,000 each year for 3 years at 10%(示例)
Table factor P V I F A ( 10% , 3 ) = 2.4869 .
Algebra: discount each $1,000 and sum.
10. Accounting Applications of PV – Long-Term Notes(现值在长期票据中的应用)
10.1 Initial Recognition at PV(按现值初始确认)
Record asset and note payable at present value of future payment.
(按未来偿还额的现值记录资产与应付票据。)
10.2 Effective Interest Method(实际利率法)
Interest expense = beginning carrying value × effective interest rate.
Carrying value increases for discount notes and decreases for premium notes.
10.3 Starbucks Example – Note for Trucks(星巴克卡车票据案例)
FV = $200,000; market rate 12%; n = 2 years.
PV factor P V I F ( 12% , 2 ) = 0.7972 .
Initial PV = $159,440 → journal entry:
Dr Delivery trucks 159,440
Cr Notes payable 159,440
10.4 Year-End Interest Entries(年末利息分录)
2006 interest: 159 , 440 × 12% = 19 , 133
Dr Interest expense 19,133
Cr Notes payable 19,133
2007 interest: ( 159 , 440 + 19 , 133 ) × 12% = 21 , 429 。
10.5 Final Payment(到期偿还)
At 12/31/2007 repay note:
Dr Notes payable 200,000
Cr Cash 200,000
11. Future Value Concepts (终值概念)
11.1 FV of Single Amount(单笔金额终值)
F V = P V ( 1 + r ) n
Example: 1 , 000 × 1. 1 3 = 1 , 331 。
11.2 FV of Annuity(年金终值)
F V annuity = Payment × F V I F A ( r , n )
Example: $1,000 each year, 10%, 3 years: factor F V I F A = 3.31 → 1 , 000 × 3.31 = 3 , 310 。
12. Bond Valuation Basics (债券估值基础)
12.1 Bond Cash Flows(债券现金流)
Periodic interest = face value × stated rate.(利息=面值×票面利率。)
Single principal repayment at maturity.(到期一次性还本。)
12.2 Pricing by Present Value(用现值定价)
Bond price = PV of interest annuity + PV of principal (all discounted at market/effective rate).
Use PVIFA for interest, PVIF for principal.
12.3 Stated vs Effective Interest Rate(票面利率 vs 实际利率)
Stated rate → determines cash interest .(票面利率决定现金利息金额。)
Effective rate → determines economic return & price .(实际利率决定实际收益率和价格。)
12.4 Par, Premium, Discount(平价、溢价、折价)
Stated = effective → price = face value (par).
Stated > effective → price > face value (premium).
Stated < effective → price < face value (discount).
13. Bond Valuation Terminologies (债券估值术语)
13.1 Face Value(面值)
Principal repaid at maturity date.(到期偿还的本金。)
13.2 Bond Premium(债券溢价)
Issue price − face value when price > face.
(发行价高于面值的差额。)
13.3 Bond Discount(债券折价)
Face value − issue price when price < face.
(面值高于发行价的差额。)
13.4 Amortized Cost / Book Value(摊余成本 / 账面价值)
Carrying amount = PV of remaining cash flows discounted at original effective rate.
(按购买日有效利率折现剩余现金流的现值。)
13.5 Fair Value vs Carrying Amount(公允价值 vs 账面金额)
Fair value uses current market rate at day t.
Carrying amount uses original effective rate at purchase date.
14. Discount Bond Example – Debt Instrument (折价债券示例:债务工具)
14.1 Initial Purchase at Discount(初始折价购买)
Term 5 years; face value $1,250; stated 4.7%; effective 10%; fair value $1,000.
Price computed as:
59 × P V I F A ( 10% , 5 ) + 1 , 250 × P V I F ( 10% , 5 ) = 1 , 000
14.2 Carrying Amount Over Time(账面价值随时间变化)
At 12/31/2019 (after 2 years): remaining 4 interest payments + principal.
Carrying amount:
1 , 250 × P V I F ( 10% , 4 ) + 59 × P V I F A ( 10% , 4 ) = 1 , 041
Because effective rate > stated rate, carrying amount increases each year.
(因实际利率高于票面利率,折价逐步摊销,账面价值逐年上升。)
14.3 Key Insights(关键理解)
Discount represents additional yield beyond coupon interest.
(折价提供了超出票面利息的额外收益。)
At maturity, carrying amount → face value.(到期时账面价值回到面值。)