Liabilities, Interest, Present Value & Bond Valuation (负债、利息、现值与债券估值)

1. Sources of Financing (融资来源)

  • 1.1 Debt Financing – Funds from Creditors(债务融资——来自债权人的资金)
    • Essence / 本质: Borrowed money that must be repaid with interest. (向外部借入资金,将来必须连本带息偿还。)
    • Features / 特点:
      • Legal obligation to pay interest and principal.(利息与本金是法律义务。)
      • Creditors can force bankruptcy if unpaid.(未支付时债权人可以申请破产清算。)
    • Advantages / 优点: Interest is tax-deductible; no ownership dilution.(利息可税前抵扣,不稀释股权。)
  • 1.2 Equity Financing – Funds from Owners(权益融资——来自所有者的资金)
    • Essence / 本质: Owners contribute capital in exchange for ownership (shares). (所有者投入资金换取股权。)
    • Features / 特点:
      • Dividends are not legal obligations.(股利不是法律义务,可不发。)
      • Residual claim on assets and profits.(股东对剩余资产和利润有索取权。)
  • 1.3 Risk Comparison: Debt vs Equity(风险比较:债务 vs 权益)
    • Debt is considered riskier because:
      • Interest is a legal obligation(利息是强制的)
      • Creditors can force bankruptcy(债权人可强制破产)
    • Equity is riskier for investors but safer for company solvency.(对投资者风险高,对企业偿债风险低。)

2. Liabilities Overview (负债概念与分类)

  • 2.1 Definition of Liabilities(负债的定义)
    • Definition / 定义: Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations from past transactions. (由于过去交易形成的现时义务,预计将导致未来经济利益的流出。)
    • Paid with assets or services.(通常用现金、其他资产或劳务偿还。)
  • 2.2 Classification: Current vs Noncurrent(分类:流动与非流动负债)
    • Current liabilities(流动负债):
      • Maturity within 1 year or the operating cycle.(一年或营业周期内到期。)
      • Examples: A/P, short-term notes, wages payable, current portion of long-term debt.
    • Noncurrent liabilities(非流动负债):
      • Maturity > 1 year.(一年以上到期。)
      • Examples: long-term notes, bonds payable, long-term leases.
  • 2.3 Measurement at Present Cash Equivalent(按现时现金等价物计量)
    • Current cash equivalent(当前现金等价价值): Amount a creditor would accept today to cancel the debt. (债权人今天愿意接受以了结债务的金额。)
    • Essentially the present value of future cash outflows.(实质上是未来现金流出的现值。)
  • 2.4 Common Liability Accounts(常见负债账户)
    • 2.4.1 Accounts Payable / Trade Accounts Payable(应付账款)
      • Obligations to pay for goods and services used in normal operations. (因购买存货和服务形成的短期应付款项。)
    • 2.4.2 Accrued Liabilities(应计负债)
      • Expenses incurred but not yet paid (wages, interest, taxes). (已发生但尚未支付的费用,如工资、利息、税金。)
    • 2.4.3 Notes Payable(应付票据)
      • Formal written obligations, often with an explicit interest rate. (书面票据形式的负债,通常注明利率和到期日。)
    • 2.4.4 Deferred / Unearned Revenues(递延/预收收入)
      • Cash received before revenue is earned; obligation to provide goods/services. (先收款后履约,形成对客户的合同义务。)

3. Liquidity Measures (短期偿债能力指标)

  • 3.1 Current Ratio(流动比率)
    • Formula / 公式:
    • Interpretation / 含义: Higher ratio → stronger ability to pay short-term obligations. (比率越高,短期偿债能力越强。)
  • 3.2 Working Capital(营运资金)
    • Formula / 公式:
    • Interpretation / 含义: Positive working capital indicates a buffer of liquid resources. (为正说明企业有一定的安全垫。)
  • 3.3 Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio(应付账款周转率)
    • Formula / 公式:
    • Interpretation / 含义:
      • Higher turnover → pay suppliers quickly.(周转率高表示付款快。)
      • Used to compute days payable outstanding.(可推算平均付款期。)

4. Notes Payable & Interest (应付票据与利息)

  • 4.1 Interest Basics(利息基础)
    • Formula / 公式:
    • Time = 1 for full year; fraction (e.g., 2/12) for partial year. (一年记为 1,少于一年按月数折成分数。)
  • 4.2 Lender vs Borrower Perspective(债权人与债务人视角)
    • To the lender, interest = interest revenue.(对出借方是利息收入。)
    • To the borrower, interest = interest expense.(对借款方是利息费用。)
  • 4.3 Example: Starbucks Short-Term Note(短期票据示例)
    • Borrow $100,000, 12% annual, 2 months:
    • Journal entry at maturity: record interest expense & pay cash. (到期确认利息费用并支付现金。)

5. Contingent Liabilities (或有负债)

  • 5.1 Probability vs Estimability Table(可能性与可计量性矩阵)
    • Probable + Estimable(可能且可估计) → Record liability and expense.(确认负债与费用。)
    • Probable/Reasonably possible + Not estimable(难以估计金额) → Disclose in notes.(附注披露。)
    • Remote(可能性极低) → No action.(无需确认或披露。)
  • 5.2 Typical Examples(典型例子)
    • Lawsuits, guarantees, environmental obligations, warranties. (诉讼、担保、环境义务、产品保修等。)

6. Long-Term Liabilities (长期负债)

  • 6.1 Collateral & Pledges(抵押与质押)
    • Creditors may require borrowers to pledge specific assets as security. (债权人常要求借款人以特定资产作担保。)
  • 6.2 Current vs Long-Term Portion(当期部分与长期部分)
    • Current portion of long-term debt reclassified as current liability. (一年内到期部分划为流动负债。)

7. Present Value Concepts (现值概念)

  • 7.1 Time Value of Money(货币时间价值)
    • A dollar today > a dollar in the future due to earning potential. (今天的一元因为可以投资生息,价值大于未来的一元。)
  • 7.2 Four Key Variables(四个关键变量)
    • Present value (PV) / Future value (FV) / Interest rate / Number of periods .
    • 任意 3 个变量可求出第 4 个。
  • 7.3 Tools for PV Calculations(现值计算工具)
    • PV tables(现值表)
    • Financial calculators(金融计算器)
    • Excel functions: PV, FV, RATE, NPER 等。

8. Present Value of a Single Amount (单笔金额现值)

  • 8.1 Definition & Timeline(定义与时间轴)
    • PV = today’s value of a future single cash flow. (现值是单笔未来现金流折算到今天的价值。)
    • Timeline: Future value → discounted back through compounding periods to today.
  • 8.2 Formula(公式)
  • 8.3 Example(例子:3 年后 $1,331)
    • Given :
    • Using PV table: factor 0.7513 →

9. Present Value of an Annuity (年金现值)

  • 9.1 Definition of Annuity(年金的定义)
    • Series of equal payments at regular intervals (ordinary annuity if at period-end). (在固定间隔内支付等额现金流;期末支付为普通年金。)
  • 9.2 Formula & Table(公式与表格)
    • = present value interest factor of an annuity.
  • 9.3 Example: $1,000 each year for 3 years at 10%(示例)
    • Table factor .
    • Algebra: discount each $1,000 and sum.

10. Accounting Applications of PV – Long-Term Notes(现值在长期票据中的应用)

  • 10.1 Initial Recognition at PV(按现值初始确认)
    • Record asset and note payable at present value of future payment. (按未来偿还额的现值记录资产与应付票据。)
  • 10.2 Effective Interest Method(实际利率法)
    • Interest expense = beginning carrying value × effective interest rate.
    • Carrying value increases for discount notes and decreases for premium notes.
  • 10.3 Starbucks Example – Note for Trucks(星巴克卡车票据案例)
    • FV = $200,000; market rate 12%; n = 2 years.
    • PV factor .
    • Initial PV = $159,440 → journal entry:
      • Dr Delivery trucks 159,440
      • Cr Notes payable 159,440
  • 10.4 Year-End Interest Entries(年末利息分录)
    • 2006 interest:
      • Dr Interest expense 19,133
      • Cr Notes payable 19,133
    • 2007 interest:
  • 10.5 Final Payment(到期偿还)
    • At 12/31/2007 repay note:
      • Dr Notes payable 200,000
      • Cr Cash 200,000

11. Future Value Concepts (终值概念)

  • 11.1 FV of Single Amount(单笔金额终值)
    • Formula / 公式:
    • Example:
  • 11.2 FV of Annuity(年金终值)
    • Formula / 公式:
    • Example: $1,000 each year, 10%, 3 years: factor

12. Bond Valuation Basics (债券估值基础)

  • 12.1 Bond Cash Flows(债券现金流)
    • Periodic interest = face value × stated rate.(利息=面值×票面利率。)
    • Single principal repayment at maturity.(到期一次性还本。)
  • 12.2 Pricing by Present Value(用现值定价)
    • Bond price = PV of interest annuity + PV of principal (all discounted at market/effective rate).
    • Use PVIFA for interest, PVIF for principal.
  • 12.3 Stated vs Effective Interest Rate(票面利率 vs 实际利率)
    • Stated rate → determines cash interest.(票面利率决定现金利息金额。)
    • Effective rate → determines economic return & price.(实际利率决定实际收益率和价格。)
  • 12.4 Par, Premium, Discount(平价、溢价、折价)
    • Stated = effective → price = face value (par).
    • Stated > effective → price > face value (premium).
    • Stated < effective → price < face value (discount).

13. Bond Valuation Terminologies (债券估值术语)

  • 13.1 Face Value(面值)
    • Principal repaid at maturity date.(到期偿还的本金。)
  • 13.2 Bond Premium(债券溢价)
    • Issue price − face value when price > face. (发行价高于面值的差额。)
  • 13.3 Bond Discount(债券折价)
    • Face value − issue price when price < face. (面值高于发行价的差额。)
  • 13.4 Amortized Cost / Book Value(摊余成本 / 账面价值)
    • Carrying amount = PV of remaining cash flows discounted at original effective rate. (按购买日有效利率折现剩余现金流的现值。)
  • 13.5 Fair Value vs Carrying Amount(公允价值 vs 账面金额)
    • Fair value uses current market rate at day t.
    • Carrying amount uses original effective rate at purchase date.

14. Discount Bond Example – Debt Instrument (折价债券示例:债务工具)

  • 14.1 Initial Purchase at Discount(初始折价购买)
    • Term 5 years; face value $1,250; stated 4.7%; effective 10%; fair value $1,000.
    • Price computed as:
  • 14.2 Carrying Amount Over Time(账面价值随时间变化)
    • At 12/31/2019 (after 2 years): remaining 4 interest payments + principal.
    • Carrying amount:
    • Because effective rate > stated rate, carrying amount increases each year. (因实际利率高于票面利率,折价逐步摊销,账面价值逐年上升。)
  • 14.3 Key Insights(关键理解)
    • Discount represents additional yield beyond coupon interest. (折价提供了超出票面利息的额外收益。)
    • At maturity, carrying amount → face value.(到期时账面价值回到面值。)