🧠 模板 B — 整期综合题(含分录、T 账户、调整与报表)
Problem Statement — Nova Garden Services (Year 2025) On January 1, 2025, several graduates incorporated Nova Garden Services Corporation (NGS). All beginning account balances are zero. During 2025, the following events occurred; record year-end adjustments on December 31, 2025. The company uses the straight-line method for depreciation (full year in year of acquisition, no residual value) and applies present value (PV) concepts where required by GAAP. Ignore income taxes and dividends.
Transactions (during 2025)
(a) On January 1, issued 50,000 shares of common stock at $5 per share for cash.
(b) On January 1, borrowed $60,000 cash from a bank by signing a one-year, 12% interest-bearing short-term note payable; both principal and interest are due on December 31, 2025.
(c) On January 1, purchased equipment with a list price of 90,000; paid 60,000. Interest is paid annually on December 31. The market (effective) interest rate is 12% for similar notes. NGS must record the note at the present value of future cash payments using the effective rate of 12%.
Use the following present value factors (at 12%, 5 years): • PVIF (12%,5) = 0.56743 (present value interest factor of 1) • PVIFA (12%,5) = 3.60478 (present value interest factor of an annuity)
(d) On January 1, issued 5-year bonds with face value $100,000 and a stated (coupon) rate of 8%, paying interest annually each December 31. The market (effective) rate on the issue date is 10%, so the bonds sell at a discount. NGS receives cash equal to the present value of future principal and interest cash flows discounted at 10%.
Use the following present value factors (at 10%, 5 years): • PVIF (10%,5) = 0.62092 • PVIFA (10%,5) = 3.79079
(e) On July 1, purchased land as a future storage site, paying $40,000 cash.
(f) On October 1, sold a small portion of the land for 24,000, due September 30, 2026. The appropriate market (effective) interest rate is 10%. NGS records the note at the present value of the future single payment, with the difference recorded as a discount on note receivable.
Use PVIF (10%,1) = 0.90909 for the sale in (f).
(g) On December 1, a customer filed a lawsuit against NGS claiming property damage of 7,000 and 8,000 being the most reasonable estimate.
(h) Also on December 1, NGS provided a guarantee on a bank loan of a supplier up to $200,000. Legal counsel believes the probability that NGS will have to pay is remote.
Year-End Adjusting Data (Dec. 31, 2025)
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Depreciation (straight-line, full year, no residual value) • Equipment from (c): cost $90,000, useful life 5 years (60 months).
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Interest on short-term note payable (b) • Accrue one full year of interest at 12% on the $60,000 bank note.
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Interest on long-term note payable (c) — effective interest method • Use the present value of the note (principal + 10% interest payments discounted at 12%) as the initial carrying amount. • For 2025, recognize interest expense at 12% of the carrying amount, record cash interest paid at 10% of face value, and treat the difference as amortization of the discount (increase the carrying amount).
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Interest on bonds payable (d) — effective interest method • Use the carrying amount of the bonds (issue price) and the effective rate of 10% to compute interest expense. • Cash interest paid is 8% of face value ($100,000). • The difference is amortization of the bond discount.
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Interest on note receivable (f) — effective interest method • From October 1 to December 31, accrue three months of interest revenue at 10% (annual) on the carrying amount (present value) of the note receivable. The increase reduces the discount on note receivable.
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Accrued wages and utilities • Wages earned but unpaid total 900 at year-end.
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Contingent liabilities • For the lawsuit in (g), record a loss and liability for $8,000. • For the guarantee in (h), do not record a liability because the probability of payment is remote; disclosure only if required.
Required Deliverables
Prepare, for the year ending December 31, 2025, in order:
- General journal entries for transactions (a)–(h) (explain why (h) is not recorded).
- T-accounts (unadjusted) for: Cash, Short-term notes receivable, Discount on notes receivable, Equipment, Accumulated depreciation—Equipment, Land, Short-term notes payable, Long-term notes payable, Discount on long-term notes payable, Bonds payable, Discount on bonds payable, Interest payable, Wages payable, Utilities payable, Lawsuit liability, Common stock, Retained earnings (if needed).
- Adjusting journal entries (AJEs) for all items in the adjusting data.
- Present value and bond pricing schedules showing how the issue price / carrying amount is computed in (c), (d), and (f).
- Income Statement (2025) and Statement of Retained Earnings (2025) (beginning retained earnings = 0).
- Classified Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2025) distinguishing current vs noncurrent assets and liabilities; report the carrying amount (amortized cost) of notes and bonds.
- Statement of Cash Flows (direct method); separately disclose noncash investing/financing (e.g., issuing a note to buy equipment, issuing bonds at a discount, accepting a note receivable for land).
- Compute and briefly interpret Working capital and Current ratio at Dec. 31, 2025.
📖 点击查看翻译
题干——新星园林服务公司(2025 年度综合题) 2025 年 1 月 1 日,多位毕业生成立 Nova Garden Services Corporation(NGS,新星园林服务公司),各账户期初余额为 0。2025 年度发生以下事项,并在 2025 年 12 月 31 日 进行年末调整。公司采用直线法折旧(购置当年计整年折旧、无残值),需要时按 GAAP 使用**现值(PV)**计量长期项目。忽略所得税与股利。
本年交易
(a) 1 月 1 日发行 50,000 股普通股,每股 5 美元,全部以现金收取。 (b) 1 月 1 日向银行借入 60,000 美元现金,签发一张一年期、年利率 12% 的计息短期应付票据,本金和利息均于 2025/12/31 一次偿还。 (c) 1 月 1 日以谈判价 90,000 美元购入设备(标价 95,000 美元),支付现金 30,000 美元,其余 60,000 美元签一张5 年期、名义利率 10% 的长期应付票据,每年 12 月 31 日支付利息。市场(实际)利率为 12%,公司必须按 12% 有效利率将未来“本金+利息”现金流折现为现值入账该应付票据。
提供 12% 利率、5 年期的现值系数: • PVIF(12%,5) = 0.56743(单笔金额现值系数) • PVIFA(12%,5) = 3.60478(年金现值系数)
(d) 1 月 1 日发行面值 100,000 美元、期限 5 年、票面利率 8% 的公司债券,每年 12 月 31 日支付一次利息。发行日市场(实际)利率为 10%,债券以折价发行。公司收到的现金等于将未来利息+本金现金流按 10% 市场利率折现后的现值。
提供 10% 利率、5 年期现值系数: • PVIF(10%,5) = 0.62092 • PVIFA(10%,5) = 3.79079
(e) 7 月 1 日,购入一块土地作为未来仓储用地,支付现金 40,000 美元。 (f) 10 月 1 日,将其中一部分土地以 24,000 美元 的价格出售给客户,对方不付现金,而是开出一张一年期、不计息的短期应收票据(票面 24,000 美元),到期日为 2026/9/30。该票据适用的市场(实际)利率为 10%。公司按未来单笔偿还额的现值记录“应收票据”,差额记为应收票据折价。
提供 10% 利率、1 年期现值系数: • PVIF(10%,1) = 0.90909
(g) 12 月 1 日,一位客户以财产受损为由起诉 NGS,要求赔偿 50,000 美元。律师认为公司败诉“很可能(probable)”,预计损失在 7,000–9,000 美元之间,其中 8,000 美元 为最合理估计数。 (h) 同日,公司为某供应商的银行贷款提供最高 200,000 美元的担保。律师认为公司最终需要代偿的可能性极小(remote)。
年末调整资料(2025/12/31)
- 折旧(直线法,购置当年计整年折旧,无残值) • (c) 中设备:成本 90,000 美元,预计使用年限 5 年。
- (b) 银行短期票据利息: • 按 60,000 × 12% × 1 年 计提一年利息费用与应付利息。
- (c) 长期应付票据利息(实际利率法): • 以按 12% 折现计算得到的现值作为票据初始账面价值; • 2025 年计提利息费用:账面价值 × 12%;现金利息按 60,000 × 10% 支付,两者差额作为折价摊销(增加票据账面价值)。
- (d) 应付债券利息(实际利率法): • 利息费用 = 债券账面价值 × 10%; • 现金利息 = 100,000 × 8%; • 差额为债券折价摊销。
- (f) 应收票据利息(实际利率法): • 10 月 1 日至 12 月 31 日为 3 个月,按应收票据账面价值 ×10%(年利率)计提 3 个月利息收入,同时摊销应收票据折价。
- 应计工资与水电费: • 年末尚未支付工资 5,000 美元; • 年末尚未支付水电费 900 美元。
- 或有负债处理: • (g) 诉讼:由于“很可能发生且金额可合理估计”,按 8,000 美元 确认预计负债与损失费用; • (h) 担保:由于发生可能性“极小(remote)”,不确认负债,必要时仅在附注披露。
提交要求
- 按时间顺序为 (a)–(h) 编制日记账分录,并说明为何 (h) 不入账(极小可能的或有负债)。
- 建立并过入未调整 T 型账户:Cash、Short-term notes receivable、Discount on notes receivable、Equipment、Accumulated depreciation—Equipment、Land、Short-term notes payable、Long-term notes payable、Discount on long-term notes payable、Bonds payable、Discount on bonds payable、Interest payable、Wages payable、Utilities payable、Lawsuit liability、Common stock、Retained earnings(如需要)。
- 根据调整资料编制调整分录(AJEs),并过入相关账户。
- 编制现值与债券定价计算表,清晰展示 (c)、(d)、(f) 中票据与债券的现值/发行价计算(区分单笔现值与年金现值)。
- 编制 2025 年收益表 与 2025 年留存收益表(期初留存收益为 0)。
- 编制 2025/12/31 分类资产负债表,区分流动/非流动资产和负债,并列示各票据和债券的摊余成本(账面价值)。
- 编制 现金流量表(直接法),并在正文之外披露非现金的投资与筹资活动(如以票据购入设备、折价发行债券、以应收票据出售土地)。
- 计算并简要解释期末的 营运资金(Working capital) 和 流动比率(Current ratio)。
📖 点击查看答案
关键数值与核心结果(单位:美元,四舍五入到小数点后两位)
(c) 长期应付票据的现值(10% 票面,12% 市场)
- 每年现金利息 = 60,000 × 10% = 6,000
- 本金现值 = 60,000 × PVIF(12%,5) = 60,000 × 0.56743 = 34,045.80
- 利息年金现值 = 6,000 × PVIFA(12%,5) = 6,000 × 3.60478 = 21,628.68
- 票据初始现值(账面价值) = 34,045.80 + 21,628.68 = 55,674.48
- 折价 = 面值 60,000 − 账面价值 55,674.48 = 4,325.52(Discount on long-term notes payable)
(d) 应付债券发行价(8% 票面,10% 市场,折价发行)
- 每年现金利息 = 100,000 × 8% = 8,000
- 本金现值 = 100,000 × PVIF(10%,5) = 100,000 × 0.62092 = 62,092.00
- 利息年金现值 = 8,000 × PVIFA(10%,5) = 8,000 × 3.79079 = 30,326.32
- 债券发行价(现金收入) = 62,092.00 + 30,326.32 = 92,418.32
- 债券折价 = 面值 100,000 − 发行价 92,418.32 = 7,581.68(Discount on bonds payable)
(f) 不计息应收票据的现值(10% 市场)
- 未来一次性收款 = 24,000
- 现值 PV = 24,000 × PVIF(10%,1) = 24,000 × 0.90909 = 21,818.16
- 折价 = 24,000 − 21,818.16 = 2,181.84(Discount on notes receivable)
主要调整分录金额(2025/12/31)
- 折旧费用 = 90,000 ÷ 5 年 = 18,000
- (b) 银行短期票据利息费用 = 60,000 × 12% × 1 = 7,200
- (c) 长期应付票据 2025 年利息费用(实际利率法): • 利息费用(按 12%)= 55,674.48 × 12% = 6,680.94 • 现金利息(按票面 10%)= 60,000 × 10% = 6,000.00 • 折价摊销 = 6,680.94 − 6,000.00 = 680.94(减少 Discount on long-term notes payable)
- (d) 应付债券 2025 年利息费用(实际利率法): • 利息费用(按 10%)= 92,418.32 × 10% = 9,241.83 • 现金利息(按 8%)= 100,000 × 8% = 8,000.00 • 折价摊销 = 9,241.83 − 8,000.00 = 1,241.83(减少 Discount on bonds payable)
- (f) 应收票据 3 个月利息收入(实际利率法): • 年利息 = 21,818.16 × 10% = 2,181.82 • 3 个月利息收入 = 2,181.82 × 3/12 ≈ 545.45(减少 Discount on notes receivable、确认为 Interest revenue)
- 应计工资费用 = 5,000;应计水电费用 = 900
- 诉讼预计损失费用 = 8,000(确认为 Lawsuit liability)
示例日记账(部分关键分录,英文)
(a) Issue common stock
- Dr Cash 250,000
- Cr Common stock 250,000
(b) Borrow from bank (short-term note)
- Dr Cash 60,000
- Cr Short-term notes payable 60,000
(c) Purchase equipment with long-term note (record at PV)
- Dr Equipment 90,000
- Cr Cash 30,000
- Cr Long-term notes payable 55,674.48
- Cr Discount on long-term notes payable 4,325.52
(d) Issue bonds at a discount
- Dr Cash 92,418.32
- Dr Discount on bonds payable 7,581.68
- Cr Bonds payable 100,000
(e) Purchase land
- Dr Land 40,000
- Cr Cash 40,000
(f) Sell part of land for non-interest note
- Dr Short-term notes receivable 21,818.16
- Dr Discount on notes receivable 2,181.84
- Cr Land 24,000
(g) Record probable lawsuit
- Dr Lawsuit loss expense 8,000
- Cr Lawsuit liability 8,000
(h) Remote guarantee — no journal entry, disclosure only.
示例调整分录(AJEs,部分)
Depreciation on equipment
- Dr Depreciation expense 18,000
- Cr Accumulated depreciation—Equipment 18,000
Interest on short-term bank note
- Dr Interest expense 7,200
- Cr Interest payable 7,200
Long-term note (effective interest)
- Dr Interest expense 6,680.94
- Cr Cash 6,000.00
- Cr Discount on long-term notes payable 680.94
Bonds payable (effective interest)
- Dr Interest expense 9,241.83
- Cr Cash 8,000.00
- Cr Discount on bonds payable 1,241.83
Note receivable (effective interest)
- Dr Discount on notes receivable 545.45
- Cr Interest revenue 545.45
Wages and utilities
Dr Wages expense 5,000; Cr Wages payable 5,000
Dr Utilities expense 900; Cr Utilities payable 900
收益表关键结果(2025 年)
- Interest revenue ≈ 545.45
- Total expenses ≈ 55,022.77(折旧+三项利息+工资+水电+诉讼损失)
- Net income (loss) ≈ –54,477.32(净亏损)
- Ending retained earnings ≈ –54,477.32
(分类资产负债表与现金流量表请在以上数据基础上自行汇总、分类与检查平衡。)
📝 点击查看解析
思路与知识点串联解析(中文)
融资结构:债务 vs 权益(Debt vs Equity)
- (a) 发行普通股 → 权益融资(Equity),形成 Common stock,无利息义务。
- (b)(c)(d) 借款与发行债券 → 债务融资(Debt),形成 Notes payable、Bonds payable,产生法定义务(legal obligation)支付利息与本金,体现“债务更危险、可能导致 bankruptcy”的概念。
负债分类:流动与非流动(Current vs Noncurrent)
- (b) 一年期银行票据 → 流动负债(current liabilities)。
- (c) 五年期长期应付票据、(d) 五年期应付债券 → 非流动负债(noncurrent liabilities),但其当期应付利息属于流动。
现值(PV)、终值(FV)与货币时间价值(Time value of money)
- 利用 PVIF、PVIFA 将未来“本金 + 利息年金”的现金流折现到今天,正是present value of a single amount + present value of an annuity 的组合。
- (c) 长期票据和 (d) 债券的初始确认金额 = 未来现金流的现值 → 体现“负债按**现时现金等价价值(present cash equivalent)**计量”的会计要求。
- (f) 不计息应收票据:名义 24,000,但现值只有 21,818.16,中间差额是Discount on notes receivable(应收票据折价),也体现 time value of money。
票面利率 vs 实际利率(Stated vs Effective interest rate)
- (c) 名义 10%,市场 12%:票据以折价入账(PV 低于 60,000),每期用 12% 计算利息费用,用 10% 支付现金利息,差额摊销折价 → 使实际收益率等于 12%。
- (d) 债券票面 8%,市场 10%:债券以折价发行(92,418.32),实际利息费用按 10% 计算,现金利息 8%,差额摊销折价 → 体现 bond discount 的本质。
折价、溢价与摊余成本(Discount / Premium & Amortized cost)
- 折价(discount)本质上是投资者或债权人要求的额外回报,随着每期摊销,负债账面价值上升(折价减少)。
- 期末 Long-term notes payable、Bonds payable 的账面金额(carrying amount) = 面值 − 未摊销折价 → 属于摊余成本(amortized cost)。
- Note receivable 折价摊销时,资产账面价值上升,体现借款人隐含利息收入。
或有负债(Contingent liabilities)三档判断
- (g) 诉讼:可能性“probable”,金额可估计 → 按 best estimate 8,000 入账损失费用 + 预计负债。
- (h) 担保:可能性“remote” → 不记账,必要时附注披露即可。
- 这正是课件中“probable / reasonably possible / remote” 的典型应用。
应计项目与流动负债(Accrued liabilities)
- 年末工资 5,000 与水电费 900 → 体现 accrued liabilities(应计负债) 概念:费用已经发生但尚未支付。
- 这类负债出现在 current liabilities 中,并且会影响 working capital 与 current ratio 的计算。
收益表结构:只要发生就确认(Matching & Accrual)
- 即使利息尚未支付(如银行票据),利息费用仍要在 2025 年确认(matching principle)。
- 同样,不计息应收票据虽然没有明说利息,但通过折价摊销确认为 interest revenue。
- 最终形成:大量利息费用 + 折旧 + 工资/水电 + 诉讼损失,但没有营业收入 → 出现较大净亏损,体现资本结构高度依赖债务的风险。
资产负债表与关键比率(Working capital & Current ratio)
期末流动资产包括:Cash、Short-term notes receivable(按账面价值)、可能的应收利息等;流动负债包括:Short-term notes payable、Interest payable、Wages payable、Utilities payable、Lawsuit liability 等。
Working capital = Current assets − Current liabilities; Current ratio = Current assets ÷ Current liabilities。
学生在自己汇总表时,可以观察:
- 发行大量股票 + 借入大量债务 → 总资产大幅上升;
- 高额债务导致利息费用大、净亏损、留存收益为负;
- 通过 current ratio 判断短期偿债能力是否安全。
与课堂知识点的对应小结
- Sources of financing(债务/权益融资)→ (a)(b)(c)(d)
- Liabilities & classification(负债概念、流动/非流动)→ 所有票据与债券
- Present value & annuities(现值、年金现值)→ (c)(d)(f) 及给定 PVIF/PVIFA
- Bond pricing & discount(债券定价、折价)→ (d) 及实际利率法
- Contingent liabilities(或有负债)→ (g)(h)
- Accrued liabilities(应计负债)→ 工资、水电、利息
- Liquidity ratios(流动性指标)→ working capital、current ratio
这道题可以作为一整章的综合大题:既考分录、T 账户、调整分录、三大报表,又把现值、年金、债券折价、或有负债、流动性比率全部串在一起,适合期末大题或综合作业练习。