🧠 模板 B — 整期综合题(含分录、T 账户、调整与报表)

Problem Statement — Nova Garden Services (Year 2025) On January 1, 2025, several graduates incorporated Nova Garden Services Corporation (NGS). All beginning account balances are zero. During 2025, the following events occurred; record year-end adjustments on December 31, 2025. The company uses the straight-line method for depreciation (full year in year of acquisition, no residual value) and applies present value (PV) concepts where required by GAAP. Ignore income taxes and dividends.

Transactions (during 2025)

(a) On January 1, issued 50,000 shares of common stock at $5 per share for cash.

(b) On January 1, borrowed $60,000 cash from a bank by signing a one-year, 12% interest-bearing short-term note payable; both principal and interest are due on December 31, 2025.

(c) On January 1, purchased equipment with a list price of 90,000; paid 60,000. Interest is paid annually on December 31. The market (effective) interest rate is 12% for similar notes. NGS must record the note at the present value of future cash payments using the effective rate of 12%.

Use the following present value factors (at 12%, 5 years): • PVIF (12%,5) = 0.56743 (present value interest factor of 1) • PVIFA (12%,5) = 3.60478 (present value interest factor of an annuity)

(d) On January 1, issued 5-year bonds with face value $100,000 and a stated (coupon) rate of 8%, paying interest annually each December 31. The market (effective) rate on the issue date is 10%, so the bonds sell at a discount. NGS receives cash equal to the present value of future principal and interest cash flows discounted at 10%.

Use the following present value factors (at 10%, 5 years): • PVIF (10%,5) = 0.62092 • PVIFA (10%,5) = 3.79079

(e) On July 1, purchased land as a future storage site, paying $40,000 cash.

(f) On October 1, sold a small portion of the land for 24,000, due September 30, 2026. The appropriate market (effective) interest rate is 10%. NGS records the note at the present value of the future single payment, with the difference recorded as a discount on note receivable.

Use PVIF (10%,1) = 0.90909 for the sale in (f).

(g) On December 1, a customer filed a lawsuit against NGS claiming property damage of 7,000 and 8,000 being the most reasonable estimate.

(h) Also on December 1, NGS provided a guarantee on a bank loan of a supplier up to $200,000. Legal counsel believes the probability that NGS will have to pay is remote.


Year-End Adjusting Data (Dec. 31, 2025)

  1. Depreciation (straight-line, full year, no residual value) • Equipment from (c): cost $90,000, useful life 5 years (60 months).

  2. Interest on short-term note payable (b) • Accrue one full year of interest at 12% on the $60,000 bank note.

  3. Interest on long-term note payable (c) — effective interest method • Use the present value of the note (principal + 10% interest payments discounted at 12%) as the initial carrying amount. • For 2025, recognize interest expense at 12% of the carrying amount, record cash interest paid at 10% of face value, and treat the difference as amortization of the discount (increase the carrying amount).

  4. Interest on bonds payable (d) — effective interest method • Use the carrying amount of the bonds (issue price) and the effective rate of 10% to compute interest expense. • Cash interest paid is 8% of face value ($100,000). • The difference is amortization of the bond discount.

  5. Interest on note receivable (f) — effective interest method • From October 1 to December 31, accrue three months of interest revenue at 10% (annual) on the carrying amount (present value) of the note receivable. The increase reduces the discount on note receivable.

  6. Accrued wages and utilities • Wages earned but unpaid total 900 at year-end.

  7. Contingent liabilities • For the lawsuit in (g), record a loss and liability for $8,000. • For the guarantee in (h), do not record a liability because the probability of payment is remote; disclosure only if required.


Required Deliverables

Prepare, for the year ending December 31, 2025, in order:

  1. General journal entries for transactions (a)–(h) (explain why (h) is not recorded).
  2. T-accounts (unadjusted) for: Cash, Short-term notes receivable, Discount on notes receivable, Equipment, Accumulated depreciation—Equipment, Land, Short-term notes payable, Long-term notes payable, Discount on long-term notes payable, Bonds payable, Discount on bonds payable, Interest payable, Wages payable, Utilities payable, Lawsuit liability, Common stock, Retained earnings (if needed).
  3. Adjusting journal entries (AJEs) for all items in the adjusting data.
  4. Present value and bond pricing schedules showing how the issue price / carrying amount is computed in (c), (d), and (f).
  5. Income Statement (2025) and Statement of Retained Earnings (2025) (beginning retained earnings = 0).
  6. Classified Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2025) distinguishing current vs noncurrent assets and liabilities; report the carrying amount (amortized cost) of notes and bonds.
  7. Statement of Cash Flows (direct method); separately disclose noncash investing/financing (e.g., issuing a note to buy equipment, issuing bonds at a discount, accepting a note receivable for land).
  8. Compute and briefly interpret Working capital and Current ratio at Dec. 31, 2025.