Topic 1 (Part 2) — Financial Statements and Business Decisions (财务报表与商业决策)
1. Balance Sheet Extensions (资产负债表拓展)
1.1 Stockholders’ Equity (股东权益)
- Contributed Capital / 实收资本
- Retained Earnings / 留存收益
- Equity = Owners’ financing + Accumulated profits / 权益 = 所有者投入 + 累计利润
- Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity / 资产 = 负债 + 股东权益
- Currency signs only on first line & totals / 美元符号仅用于首行与合计
- Assets ordered by liquidity / 资产按流动性排序
2. Income Statement (利润表)
2.1 Revenues (收入)
- Recognized when earned, not when cash received / 收入在实现时确认，而非收现
- Example: May 25 sale recognized in May / 5月25日销售记入5月收入
2.2 Expenses (费用)
- Recognized when resources consumed / 在资源消耗时确认
- Matching principle / 配比原则
- Types: COGS, SG&A, R&D, Interest, Tax / 销货成本、销售管理、研发、利息、所得税
- If expenses > revenues → net loss / 若费用大于收入 → 净亏损
3. Statement of Retained Earnings (留存收益表)
- Formula: Beginning RE + Net Income – Dividends = Ending RE
公式：期初留存收益 + 净利润 – 股利 = 期末留存收益
- Links income statement to balance sheet equity / 将利润表与资产负债表权益联系
4. Statement of Cash Flows (现金流量表)
4.1 Operating Activities (经营活动)
- Cash from customers – cash to suppliers/employees / 收现 – 付现
- Interest, taxes classified here (GAAP) / 利息与税款计入经营（GAAP）
4.2 Investing Activities (投资活动)
- Purchase/sale of long-term assets (e.g., equipment) / 购置或出售长期资产
4.3 Financing Activities (融资活动)
- Borrowings, stock issuance, dividends / 借款、发股、分红
4.4 Reconciliation (对账)
- Beginning cash + CFO + CFI + CFF = Ending cash / 期初现金 + 经营 + 投资 + 融资 = 期末现金
- Direct vs. Indirect methods / 直接法 vs. 间接法
5. Statement Relationships (报表关系)
- Net Income → Retained Earnings / 净利润 → 留存收益
- Ending RE → Balance Sheet Equity / 期末留存收益 → 资产负债表权益
- Change in cash (SCF) → Balance Sheet Cash / 现金流变动 → 资产负债表现金
6. Notes & Management Uses (附注与管理用途)
6.1 Notes to FS (财务报表附注)
- Accounting policies / 会计政策
- Additional details / 补充细节
- Off-balance info / 表外信息
6.2 Management Uses (管理用途)
- Credit decisions / 授信决策
- Supplier capacity checks / 供应商产能评估
- Labor negotiations / 薪酬谈判
7. Annual Report & Market Value (年度报告与市场价值)
- Components: MD&A, IS, BS, SCF, SE / 包含管理层讨论、利润表、资负表、现金流、股东权益表
- Market Value ≠ Book Equity / 市场价值 ≠ 账面权益
- Price/Earnings Ratio = Market Cap ÷ Net Income / 市盈率 = 市值 ÷ 净利润
8. Standards & Principles (会计准则)
8.1 GAAP & SEC (美国准则与证监会)
- SEC authority (1933/1934 Acts) / SEC权威（1933/1934法案）
- FASB formulates GAAP / FASB 制定GAAP
- Economic consequences of GAAP / GAAP的经济后果：股价、奖金、竞争信息
8.2 International Standards (国际准则)
- IASB develops IFRS / IASB制定IFRS
- Key differences: LIFO banned, R&D capitalization, cash-flow classification / 差异：禁止LIFO、研发资本化、现金流分类不同
9. Auditing & Ethics (审计与职业道德)
9.1 Management Responsibilities (管理层责任)
- Internal controls / 内部控制
- Engage auditors / 聘请审计师
- Board oversight / 董事会监督
9.2 Independent Auditors (独立审计师)
- Express opinion on fairness / 对报表公允性发表意见
- Examine GAAP compliance & transactions / 检查GAAP合规与交易
9.3 Ethics & Reputation (职业道德与声誉)
- AICPA code of ethics / AICPA职业道德规范
- CPA reputation = most valuable asset / CPA声誉=最重要资产
- Liability for malpractice / 承担失职责任
10. Practice & Application (练习与应用)
- Canvas practice problems / Canvas练习题
- Similar but not identical to exam / 与考试相似但不完全相同
- Purpose: consolidate concepts & prepare / 目的：巩固概念并备考