Question 1 — Accrual vs. Cash: Year-End Cutoff (权责发生与收付实现：年末截止)
A client pays $12,000 on Dec 28 for services to be performed in January; how much December revenue under accrual and cash basis?（客户12月28日预付$12,000用于次年1月服务；在权责发生制与收付实现制下12月确认多少收入？）
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Accrual: \$0; Cash: \$12,000 / 权责发生制：\$0；收付实现制：\$12,000📝 点击查看解析
Performance occurs in January → no December revenue under accrual; cash basis recognizes when received.（履约在1月→12月权责发生制不确认收入；收付实现制在收款时确认。）Question 2 — Unearned Revenue Release (预收收入转销)
On Dec 1 you collected $24,000 for a 12-month subscription beginning Dec 1; what Dec 31 adjusting entry and balances?（12月1日收取$24,000的一年期订阅从当日开始；12月31日的调整分录与余额？）
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Adj. entry: Dr Unearned Revenue \$2,000; Cr Revenue \$2,000 / 调整分录：借预收收入\$2,000；贷收入\$2,000 Balances: Revenue recognized \$2,000; Unearned Revenue \$22,000 / 当期确认收入\$2,000；期末预收\$22,000📝 点击查看解析
Monthly revenue = \$24,000/12 = \$2,000; one month earned.（每月\$2,000，本期确认1个月，余下为负债。）Question 3 — Accrued Wages at Year-End (年末应计工资)
Weekly wages $7,000, Mon–Fri; Dec 31 is Wednesday. Accrue?（每周工资$7,000，周一至周五；12月31日为周三。需计提多少？）
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Accrue \$4,200: Dr Wages Expense \$4,200; Cr Wages Payable \$4,200 / 计提\$4,200：借工资费用\$4,200；贷应付工资\$4,200📝 点击查看解析
\$7,000 × 3/5 = \$4,200 for Mon–Wed.（周一至周三3天：\$7,000×3/5=\$4,200。）Question 4 — Interest Revenue Accrual (应计利息收入)
A $12,000 note at 10% from Nov 1; accrue interest at Dec 31?（面值$12,000、年息10%的应收票据自11月1日开始；12月31日应计多少利息收入？）
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\$200: Dr Interest Receivable \$200; Cr Interest Revenue \$200 / \$200：借利息应收\$200；贷利息收入\$200📝 点击查看解析
\$12,000×10%×2/12=\$200 for two months.（2个月的利息：\$12,000×10%×2/12=\$200。）Question 5 — Straight-Line Depreciation (年限平均法折旧)
Cost $120,000, salvage $20,000, life 5 years; annual depreciation and Dec 31 entry?（成本$120,000、残值$20,000、寿命5年；年折旧额与12月31日分录？）
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Annual \$20,000; Dr Depreciation Expense \$20,000; Cr Accumulated Depreciation \$20,000 / 年折旧\$20,000；借折旧费用\$20,000；贷累计折旧\$20,000📝 点击查看解析
(\$120,000−\$20,000)/5=\$20,000; depreciation allocates cost, not cash.（(\$120,000−\$20,000)/5=\$20,000；折旧是成本分摊非现金流出。）Question 6 — Depreciation Partial Year (折旧的不完整年度)
Asset $60,000, no salvage, 5-year life, placed in service Apr 1; depreciation to Dec 31?（资产$60,000、无残值、寿命5年，4月1日投用；截至12月31日折旧？）
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\$9,000 / \$9,000📝 点击查看解析
Annual \$12,000; 9 months ⇒ \$12,000×9/12=\$9,000.（年额\$12,000；9个月折旧\$9,000。）Question 7 — LCM Inventory Write-down (存货“低于成本与市价孰低”)
Inventory cost $50,000; NRV $45,000. Adjustment?（存货成本$50,000，净变现价值$45,000；如何调整？）
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Write down \$5,000: Dr Loss (COGS) \$5,000; Cr Inventory \$5,000 / 跌价\$5,000：借损失（或结转入销售成本）\$5,000；贷存货\$5,000📝 点击查看解析
LCM avoids overstatement; reduce to \$45,000.（孰低法防止高估，存货减至\$45,000。）Question 8 — Periodic COGS Computation (定期盘存法结转成本)
Beg Inv $18,000; Purchases $62,000; End Inv $20,000; compute COGS.（期初存货$18,000；本期进货$62,000；期末存货$20,000；求销售成本。）
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COGS = \$60,000 / 销售成本=\$60,000📝 点击查看解析
COGS = Beg + Purch − End = 18 + 62 − 20 = 60 (thousand).（销售成本=期初+进货−期末=18+62−20=60。）Question 9 — Perpetual Sale Entries (永续盘存销售分录)
Sold goods for $3,000 cash; cost $1,800. Entries?（现金销售$3,000，成本$1,800；分录？）
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Dr Cash \$3,000; Cr Sales Rev \$3,000 / 借现金\$3,000；贷销售收入\$3,000 Dr COGS \$1,800; Cr Inventory \$1,800 / 借销售成本\$1,800；贷存货\$1,800📝 点击查看解析
Two entries: revenue & cost flow under perpetual.（永续盘存需两条分录：确认收入与结转成本。）Question 10 — Credit Sales & Collections (赊销与收款)
Beg A/R $25,000; credit sales $90,000; cash collections $80,000; ending A/R?（期初应收$25,000；赊销$90,000；收现$80,000；期末应收？）
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\$35,000 / \$35,000📝 点击查看解析
End A/R = 25 + 90 − 80 = 35.（期末应收=25+90−80=35。）Question 11 — Allowance Estimate (坏账准备估计)
From Q10, estimate allowance = 5% of ending A/R; Beg allowance credit $1,000; bad debt expense?（承接Q10，坏账准备按期末应收的5%；期初准备贷方$1,000；本期坏账费用？）
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Expense \$750 / 坏账费用\$750📝 点击查看解析
Target allowance = 35,000×5%=1,750; need 1,750−1,000=750.（目标准备1,750；补提=1,750−1,000=750。）Question 12 — Operating vs Non-Operating (主营与非主营)
Sold land (book $80,000) for $95,000; classify the $15,000.（以$95,000售出账面$80,000的土地；$15,000如何分类？）
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Gain, non-operating / 非主营处置收益📝 点击查看解析
Peripheral activity vs core operations.（出售土地属偶发活动，非主营。）Question 13 — Net Income Formula Application (净利润公式应用)
Revenues $210,000; Expenses $135,000; Gain $6,000; Loss $1,000; NI?（收入$210,000；费用$135,000；收益$6,000；损失$1,000；净利？）
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\$80,000 / \$80,000📝 点击查看解析
NI = 210 − 135 + 6 − 1 = 80.（净利=210−135+6−1=80。）Question 14 — Dividends vs Expenses (股息与费用的区别)
Revenues 120; Expenses 90; Dividends 10 (all in thousands). Change in Retained Earnings?（收入120；费用90；股利10〔单位千〕；留存收益变动？）
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Increase 20 (thousand) / 增加20（千）📝 点击查看解析
NI=30 raises RE; dividends 10 reduce RE → net +20.（净利30增留存收益；股利10减留存收益→净增20。）Question 15 — Accounting Equation Effects (会计等式影响)
Record: (1) Buy equipment $10,000 cash; (2) Earn $4,000 on account; (3) Pay $1,500 wages. Net change in Assets, Liabilities, Equity?（记录：(1) 现金购设备$10,000；(2) 赊销收入$4,000；(3) 支付工资$1,500。资产、负债、权益净变动？）
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Assets: −\$7,500 (−10,000 + 4,000 − 1,500); Liabilities: \$0; Equity: −\$7,500 + \$4,000 − \$1,500 = −\$5,000? ❌ Correct: Equity: +\$2,500 (Revenue +4,000 − Expense 1,500); Total must balance with A=−7,500? → Wait📝 点击查看解析
We correct carefully: (1) Equipment +10,000; Cash −10,000 → Assets net 0; Equity 0; Liab 0. (2) A/R +4,000; Revenue +4,000 → Assets +4,000; Equity +4,000. (3) Cash −1,500; Expense +1,500 → Assets −1,500; Equity −1,500. Totals: Assets +2,500; Liabilities 0; Equity +2,500.（逐笔：①资产变动净0；②应收+4,000、权益+4,000；③现金−1,500、权益−1,500；合计资产+2,500、负债0、权益+2,500。）Question 16 — Time Period Cutoff: Delivery vs Cash (会计期间截止：交付与收款)
Goods delivered Jan 2; customer paid Dec 29; recognize revenue in which period?（1月2日交货，12月29日收款；收入计入哪个期间？）
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January (at delivery/transfer of control) / 1月（以交付/控制权转移为准）📝 点击查看解析
Cash in advance is unearned until performance.（先收款属预收，履约时再确认收入。）Question 17 — Prepaid Insurance Amortization (预付保险摊销)
Paid $18,000 for 12-month policy on July 1; expense and Dec 31 balances?（7月1日支付$18,000的一年期保险；本期费用与12月31日余额？）
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Expense \$9,000; Ending Prepaid \$9,000 / 当期费用\$9,000；期末预付\$9,000📝 点击查看解析
6 of 12 months consumed.（消耗6/12个月。）Question 18 — Payment of Accrued Expense Next Period (下期支付应计费用)
You accrued $4,200 wages at Dec 31; on Jan 5 you pay $7,000 for the week. Jan 5 entry?（12月31日计提工资$4,200；1月5日支付当周$7,000；1月5日分录？）
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Dr Wages Payable \$4,200; Dr Wages Expense \$2,800; Cr Cash \$7,000 / 借应付工资\$4,200；借工资费用\$2,800；贷现金\$7,000📝 点击查看解析
Prior accrual reverses; only Thu–Fri belong to new period.（冲销旧应付；仅周四周五计入新期间费用。）Question 19 — Trial Balance Error Detection (试算表差错)
A $500 cash receipt was posted as a $500 credit to Cash; TB difference?（一笔$500收现误记为现金贷方$500；试算表差额为多少？）
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\$1,000 / \$1,000📝 点击查看解析
Should be debit; error reverses side → total swing \$500+\$500.（应借未借且误贷，影响两边合计差\$1,000。）Question 20 — Post-Closing Trial Balance Contents (结账后试算表内容)
Which accounts remain after closing?（结账后哪些科目仍保留？）
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Assets, Liabilities, and Retained Earnings (permanent) / 资产、负债与留存收益（永久性科目）📝 点击查看解析
Temporary (revenues/expenses/dividends) reset to zero.（临时科目清零，不在结账后试算表。）Question 21 — Adjusting Entry Affects IS & BS (调整分录对损益表与资产负债表的影响)
Recognize $3,000 revenue from unearned; which two statements/accounts change?（将$3,000预收转为收入；哪两个报表/账户受影响？）
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Unearned Revenue ↓ (BS liability); Revenue ↑ (IS) / 预收收入↓（资产负债表负债）；收入↑（损益表）📝 点击查看解析
Each adjustment hits one income and one balance sheet account.（每笔期末调整影响损益与资产负债各一项。）Question 22 — Operating Cycle Length (经营周期长度)
Inventory days 25; Receivables days 40; operating cycle?（存货周转天数25天；应收回收天数40天；经营周期多长？）
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65 days / 65天📝 点击查看解析
Purchase→sale (25) + sale→collection (40).（采购至销售25天 + 销售至收款40天=65天。）Question 23 — Cash vs Accrual Net Income (现金制与权责制净利差异)
Dec deliveries $30,000 collected in January; January rent prepaid in December $5,000; under accrual, Dec NI impact?（12月交付的$30,000货款1月收；12月预付1月房租$5,000；12月权责制净利影响？）
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Revenue +\$30,000; Expense \$0; NI +\$30,000 / 收入+\$30,000；费用\$0；净利+\$30,000📝 点击查看解析
Earned revenue in Dec; prepaid rent is asset until January.（收入在12月实现；预付房租至1月才费用化。）Question 24 — Classify Elements on IS (损益表项目分类)
Which is a loss vs expense: fire destroys uninsured inventory $8,000.（无保险火灾毁损存货$8,000是损失还是费用？）
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Loss (peripheral), not operating expense / 损失（非经常性），非营业费用📝 点击查看解析
Not related to intended revenue-generation process.（与日常获取收入的过程无直接对应。）Question 25 — Building Book Value (固定资产账面价值)
Cost $200,000; Accumulated Depreciation $70,000; Book value?（成本$200,000；累计折旧$70,000；账面价值？）
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\$130,000 / \$130,000📝 点击查看解析
Book value = cost − accumulated depreciation.（账面价值=成本−累计折旧。）Question 26 — Subscription Liability Classification (订阅负债的流动与非流动)
Collect $120,000 on Jan 1, Year 1 for 24-month service; on Dec 31, Year 1, how to classify remaining unearned?（年初收取$120,000的24个月服务费；年末剩余预收如何列示？）
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\$60,000 current liability (to be earned in next 12 months) / \$60,000列为流动负债（下12个月内确认）📝 点击查看解析
After earning 12 months, the rest is due within next year.（已确认12个月，余下12个月在下一年内履约。）Question 27 — Multi-Element Timing (多要素合同的时间分摊)
Bundle: device delivered now, 1-year service $1,200 included; collected $2,400; standalone service price $1,200; allocate current revenue at Dec 31 (delivery Dec 1).（套装：设备即交付，含一年服务$1,200；收款$2,400；服务独立售价$1,200；12月1日交付，12月31日应确认多少收入？）
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Device revenue \$1,200 immediately; Service revenue \$100 for December; rest \$1,100 unearned / 设备收入即刻\$1,200；服务12月确认\$100；余\$1,100为预收📝 点击查看解析
Relative standalone prices: 1,200 device + 1,200 service → cash 2,400 splits 50/50; service 1/12 earned in Dec.（相对独立售价各占50%；服务按时间1/12确认。）Question 28 — Matching Principle: COGS Timing (配比原则：成本结转时点)
Bought goods in November; sold them in December; when is expense recognized?（11月购货，12月售出；销售成本何时确认？）
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December, when related revenue recognized / 12月，与相关收入同期间确认📝 点击查看解析
Expense matches revenue period.（费用与相关收入配比。）Question 29 — Revenue vs. Cash Collection (收入与收款的区别)
Collected $10,000 from a prior A/R; does this create new revenue?（收回应收$10,000；是否产生新收入？）
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No; Dr Cash \$10,000; Cr A/R \$10,000 / 不产生；借现金\$10,000；贷应收\$10,000📝 点击查看解析
Revenue was recognized at delivery earlier.（收入已在交付时确认，收款仅冲减应收。）Question 30 — Preparing a Mini Income Statement (简版利润表编制)
Sales $150k; COGS $90k; Selling exp $20k; Admin $15k; Gain on asset sale $3k; NI?（销售$150k；成本$90k；销售费$20k；管理费$15k；处置收益$3k；净利？）
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NI \$28k / 净利\$28k📝 点击查看解析
Gross profit 60; operating exp 35 → operating income 25; + gain 3 → 28.（毛利60；营业费35→营业利25；+收益3→28。）Question 31 — Reclass: Prepaid vs Expense (预付与费用的界定)
Paid $12,000 for a 6-month ad campaign starting next month; entry today?（支付$12,000用于下月开始的6个月广告；今日分录？）
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Dr Prepaid Advertising \$12,000; Cr Cash \$12,000 / 借预付广告费\$12,000；贷现金\$12,000📝 点击查看解析
Benefits are future → asset now, expense later.（受益未来→现为资产，后续摊销。）Question 32 — Closing Entries Logic (结账分录逻辑)
Given Revenues 200; Expenses 170; which closing entry summarizes?（收入200；费用170；如何结转？）
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Debit Revenues 200; Credit Expenses 170; Credit Retained Earnings 30 / 借记收入200；贷记费用170；贷记留存收益30📝 点击查看解析
Net transfer of NI to RE is 30.（净利润30结转至留存收益。）Question 33 — Interest Expense Accrual (应计利息费用)
Borrowed $50,000 at 12% on Dec 1; accrue at Dec 31?（12月1日借款$50,000，年息12%；12月31日应计多少利息费用？）
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\$500: Dr Interest Expense \$500; Cr Interest Payable \$500 / \$500：借利息费用\$500；贷应付利息\$500📝 点击查看解析
\$50,000×12%×1/12=\$500.（一个月利息\$500。）Question 34 — Normal Balances Check (正常余额校验)
Which side increases each: (a) Expense, (b) Liability?（以下哪边增加：(a) 费用，(b) 负债？）
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(a) Debit; (b) Credit / (a) 借方；(b) 贷方📝 点击查看解析
Expenses behave like assets (debit↑); liabilities like revenues (credit↑).（费用同资产借增；负债同收入贷增。）Question 35 — Adjusted Trial Balance Impact (调整后试算表影响)
If you fail to accrue $2,000 wages, effects on NI and liabilities?（若漏计应计工资$2,000，对净利与负债有何影响？）
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NI overstated \$2,000; Liabilities understated \$2,000 / 净利高估\$2,000；负债低估\$2,000📝 点击查看解析
Missing expense inflates NI and omits payable.（少计费用致净利偏高且无应付。）Question 36 — CFS–BS Tie-Out (现金流量表与资产负债表勾稽)
Ending cash on CFS is $42,000; what must BS cash show?（现金流量表期末现金为$42,000；资产负债表现金应列示多少？）
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\$42,000 / \$42,000📝 点击查看解析
They must reconcile exactly.（两者必须完全一致。）Question 37 — Gain/Loss Computation with AD (含累计折旧的处置损益)
Equipment cost $40,000; Accumulated Depreciation $28,000; sold for $9,000; gain or loss?（设备成本$40,000；累计折旧$28,000；售价$9,000；盈亏？）
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Loss \$3,000 / 处置损失\$3,000📝 点击查看解析
Book = 40−28=12; proceeds 9 ⇒ loss 3.（账面12，售价9→损失3。）Question 38 — Revenue Recognition with Acceptance (含客户验收的收入确认)
Delivered Dec 20; contract says customer acceptance on Jan 5 triggers control transfer; cash received Dec 20. When recognize revenue?（12月20日交付，但合同规定1月5日客户验收后转移控制；12月20日收款；何时确认收入？）
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January 5 (upon acceptance) / 1月5日（验收时）📝 点击查看解析
Control transfers at acceptance per contract; cash before is unearned.（按合同控制在验收时转移；此前收款为预收。）Question 39 — Periodic vs Perpetual Difference (定期与永续的差异)
Under periodic system, when is COGS recorded?（在定期盘存下，何时确认销售成本？）
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At period-end via adjustment, not at each sale / 期末通过调整统一结转，而非逐笔销售时📝 点击查看解析
Perpetual records per sale; periodic computes Beg+Purch−End.（永续逐笔；定期期末统一计算。）Question 40 — Operating Decision Impact on IS (经营决策对损益表的影响)
Option A: give $4,000 discount to boost sales by $10,000 GM 40%; Option B: spend $3,000 on ads to boost sales by $7,000 GM 40%. Which yields higher NI?（方案A：让利$4,000拉动销售$10,000，毛利率40%；方案B：广告费$3,000拉动销售$7,000，毛利率40%。哪种净利更高？）