(按 Hubbard 第五版顺序,表格展示)
1. GDP 与国民收入核算 (Measuring GDP & National Income)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| GDP=C+I+G+(X−M) | 国内生产总值 = 消费 + 投资 + 政府支出 + 出口 − 进口。支出法核算 GDP。 | GDP = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Exports − Imports. (Expenditure Approach) |
| GDP=w+r+i+π+T−S | 国内生产总值 = 工资 + 租金 + 利息 + 利润 + 间接税 − 补贴。收入法核算 GDP。 | GDP = Wages + Rent + Interest + Profits + Indirect Taxes − Subsidies. (Income Approach) |
| GDP=∑(产出总值−中间投入) | GDP 也可以通过生产法计算,即总产出 − 中间投入,避免重复计算。 | GDP can also be measured as Total Output − Intermediate Inputs. (Production Approach) |
| Nominal GDP=Pt×Qt | 名义 GDP = 当期价格 × 当期产量。未考虑通货膨胀影响。 | Nominal GDP = Current Prices × Current Quantities. Not adjusted for inflation. |
| Real GDP=Pbase×Qt | 实际 GDP = 基期价格 × 当期产量。消除物价变动影响。 | Real GDP = Base-Year Prices × Current Quantities. Adjusted for inflation. |
| GDP Deflator=Real GDPNominal GDP×100 | GDP 平减指数 = 名义 GDP ÷ 实际 GDP ×100。衡量整体价格水平。 | GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP ÷ Real GDP) × 100. Measures overall price level. |
| GDP per Capita=PopulationGDP | 人均 GDP = 总 GDP ÷ 人口。衡量平均生活水平。 | GDP per Capita = GDP ÷ Population. Indicator of living standard. |
| GNP=GDP+NFIA | 国民生产总值 = GDP + 海外要素净收入。 | Gross National Product = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad. |
| NNP=GNP−Depreciation | 国民净产值 = GNP − 折旧。 | Net National Product = GNP − Depreciation. |
| NI=NNP−Indirect Taxes+Subsidies | 国民收入 = 国民净产值 − 间接税 + 补贴。 | National Income = NNP − Indirect Taxes + Subsidies. |
| PI=NI−(Corporate Taxes+Retained Earnings+Social Security)+Transfer Payments | 个人收入 = 国民收入 − (企业税 + 留存利润 + 社保) + 转移支付。 | Personal Income = NI − (Corporate Taxes + Retained Earnings + Social Security) + Transfer Payments. |
| DPI=PI−Personal Taxes | 可支配收入 = 个人收入 − 个人税收。 | Disposable Personal Income = PI − Personal Taxes. |
2. 物价水平与通货膨胀 (Price Level & Inflation)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| CPI=∑(Pbase×Qbase)∑(Pt×Qbase)×100 | 消费者物价指数 = (当期价格 × 基期数量) ÷ (基期价格 × 基期数量) ×100。 | Consumer Price Index = (Current Prices × Base Quantities) ÷ (Base Prices × Base Quantities) × 100. |
| PPI=∑(Pbaseproducer×Qbase)∑(Ptproducer×Qbase)×100 | 生产者物价指数,衡量生产环节价格水平。 | Producer Price Index, measures prices at producer level. |
| Laspeyres Index=∑(P0Q0)∑(PtQ0)×100 | 拉氏指数:以基期数量为权重,常用于 CPI。 | Laspeyres Index: Uses base-year quantities as weights. |
| Paasche Index=∑(P0Qt)∑(PtQt)×100 | 帕氏指数:以当期数量为权重。 | Paasche Index: Uses current-year quantities as weights. |
| Fisher Index=Laspeyres×Paasche | 费雪指数:拉氏与帕氏的几何平均。 | Fisher Index: Geometric mean of Laspeyres and Paasche. |
| πt=CPIt−1CPIt−CPIt−1×100% | CPI 通胀率 = 当期 CPI − 前期 CPI ÷ 前期 CPI ×100%。 | CPI Inflation Rate = (CPI_t − CPI_{t-1}) ÷ CPI_{t-1} ×100%. |
| πt=GDP Deflatort−1GDP Deflatort−GDP Deflatort−1×100% | GDP 平减指数通胀率 = 当期平减指数 − 前期平减指数 ÷ 前期平减指数 ×100%。 | Inflation Rate via GDP Deflator. |
| Real Interest=Nominal Interest−π | 实际利率 = 名义利率 − 通货膨胀率。 | Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate − Inflation. |
3. 失业 (Unemployment)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| u=LU×100% | 失业率 = 失业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。 | Unemployment Rate = Unemployed ÷ Labor Force ×100%. |
| LFPR=WAPL×100% | 劳动参与率 = 劳动力人口 ÷ 工作年龄人口 ×100%。 | Labor Force Participation Rate = Labor Force ÷ Working-Age Population ×100%. |
| Employment Rate=LE×100% | 就业率 = 就业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。 | Employment Rate = Employed ÷ Labor Force ×100%. |
| Y∗Y−Y∗=−β(u−u∗) | 奥肯定律:当失业率高于自然失业率时,产出低于潜在产出。 | Okun’s Law: Output gap relates negatively to unemployment gap. |
| π=πe−α(u−un)+v | 菲利普斯曲线:通胀取决于预期通胀、失业率与供给冲击。 | Phillips Curve: Inflation depends on expected inflation, unemployment gap, and supply shocks. |
4. 长期经济增长 (Long-Run Economic Growth)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| Δk=sf(k)−(n+δ)k | 索洛模型资本积累:资本存量变化 = 储蓄投资 − (人口增长 + 折旧) × 资本。 | Solow Model Capital Accumulation: Change in capital per worker = Saving − (Population Growth + Depreciation) × Capital. |
| k∗=n+δsf(k) | 稳态资本水平:在长期均衡时,资本存量保持不变。 | Steady-State Capital Level: Long-run equilibrium when capital per worker is constant. |
| MPK=n+δ | 黄金律资本存量:当资本的边际产出等于人口增长 + 折旧时,消费最大化。 | Golden Rule Capital Stock: Consumption is maximized when MPK = Population Growth + Depreciation. |
| gY=gA+αgK+(1−α)gL | 增长核算公式:产出增长 = 技术进步率 + (资本增长 × 资本份额) + (劳动增长 × 劳动份额)。 | Growth Accounting Equation: Output Growth = Technology Growth + (Capital Growth × Capital Share) + (Labor Growth × Labor Share). |
5. 储蓄、投资与金融体系 (Saving, Investment & Financial System)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| S=Yd−C | 储蓄函数:储蓄 = 可支配收入 − 消费。 | Saving Function: Saving = Disposable Income − Consumption. |
| NS=(Y−T−C)+(T−G) | 国民储蓄 = 私人储蓄 + 公共储蓄。 | National Saving = Private Saving + Public Saving. |
| BD=G−T | 财政赤字 = 政府支出 − 税收。 | Budget Deficit = Government Spending − Taxes. |
| PS=T−G | 公共储蓄 = 税收 − 政府支出。 | Public Saving = Taxes − Government Spending. |
| S−I=NX | 开放经济储蓄-投资恒等式:储蓄 − 投资 = 净出口。 | Saving-Investment Identity in Open Economy: Saving − Investment = Net Exports. |
6. 总需求与总供给 (AD-AS Model)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| AD:Y=C+I+G+NX | 总需求 = 消费 + 投资 + 政府支出 + 净出口。 | Aggregate Demand = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports. |
| SRAS:P=Pe(1+λ(Y−Yn)) | 短期总供给:价格水平取决于预期价格和产出缺口。 | Short-Run Aggregate Supply: Price depends on expected price and output gap. |
| LRAS:Y=Yn | 长期总供给:产出固定在潜在产出水平。 | Long-Run Aggregate Supply: Output fixed at potential output. |
| Output Gap=Y∗Y−Y∗×100% | 产出缺口 = (实际产出 − 潜在产出) ÷ 潜在产出 ×100%。 | Output Gap = (Actual Output − Potential Output) ÷ Potential Output ×100%. |
7. 乘数效应与消费 (Multiplier Effect & Consumption)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| C=a+bYd | 消费函数:消费 = 自发消费 + 边际消费倾向 × 可支配收入。 | Consumption Function: C = Autonomous Consumption + MPC × Disposable Income. |
| MPC=ΔYdΔC | 边际消费倾向:收入每增加 1 单位,消费增加的比例。 | Marginal Propensity to Consume: The fraction of additional income spent on consumption. |
| MPS=ΔYdΔS | 边际储蓄倾向:收入每增加 1 单位,储蓄增加的比例。 | Marginal Propensity to Save: The fraction of additional income saved. |
| k=1−MPC1=MPS1 | 投资乘数:投资支出变化对产出的放大效应。 | Investment Multiplier: The amplified effect of investment spending on output. |
| kG=1−MPC1 | 政府支出乘数:政府支出增加对 GDP 的影响。 | Government Spending Multiplier: The effect of government purchases on GDP. |
| kT=−1−MPCMPC | 税收乘数:税收变化对产出的影响,带负号。 | Tax Multiplier: The effect of tax changes on output (negative). |
| kbalanced=1 | 平衡预算乘数:政府增加支出同时增加同额税收,GDP 增加 1。 | Balanced-Budget Multiplier: If government spending and taxes increase equally, GDP increases by 1. |
8. IS-LM 模型 (IS-LM Model)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| Y=C(Y−T)+I(r)+G+NX | IS 曲线:商品市场均衡。产出 = 消费 + 投资 + 政府支出 + 净出口。 | IS Curve: Goods market equilibrium. Output = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports. |
| PM=L(r,Y) | LM 曲线:货币市场均衡。实际货币供给 = 货币需求。 | LM Curve: Money market equilibrium. Real Money Supply = Money Demand. |
| L(r,Y)=kY−hr | 货币需求函数:货币需求取决于收入(正相关)和利率(负相关)。 | Money Demand Function: Demand for money increases with income, decreases with interest rate. |
9. 货币与通胀 (Money & Inflation)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| MV=PY | 货币数量论:货币供给 × 货币流通速度 = 价格水平 × 产出。 | Quantity Theory of Money: Money Supply × Velocity = Price Level × Output. |
| i=r+πe | 费雪效应:名义利率 = 实际利率 + 预期通货膨胀率。 | Fisher Effect: Nominal Interest Rate = Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation. |
| π≈ΔM−ΔY | 通货膨胀近似公式:通胀率 ≈ 货币供给增长率 − 产出增长率。 | Inflation Approximation: Inflation ≈ Money Growth Rate − Output Growth Rate. |
12. 劳动力市场扩展 (Labor Market Extensions)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| u=LU×100% | 失业率 = 失业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。衡量劳动力中失业者比例。 | Unemployment Rate = Unemployed ÷ Labor Force ×100%. |
| LFPR=WAPL×100% | 劳动参与率 = 劳动力人口 ÷ 工作年龄人口 ×100%。反映劳动供给程度。 | Labor Force Participation Rate = Labor Force ÷ Working-Age Population ×100%. |
| Employment Rate=LE×100% | 就业率 = 就业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。 | Employment Rate = Employed ÷ Labor Force ×100%. |
| Real Wage=PW | 实际工资 = 名义工资 ÷ 物价水平,衡量工资购买力。 | Real Wage = Nominal Wage ÷ Price Level. |
13. 价格指数补充 (Additional Price Indexes)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| Laspeyres Index=∑(P0Q0)∑(PtQ0)×100 | 拉氏指数:以基期数量为权重,常用于 CPI。 | Laspeyres Index: Uses base-year quantities as weights (common in CPI). |
| Paasche Index=∑(P0Qt)∑(PtQt)×100 | 帕氏指数:以当期数量为权重。 | Paasche Index: Uses current-year quantities as weights. |
| Fisher Index=Laspeyres×Paasche | 费雪指数:拉氏与帕氏的几何平均,更平衡。 | Fisher Index: Geometric mean of Laspeyres and Paasche indices. |
14. 贸易条件 (Terms of Trade)
| 公式 (Formula) | 中文解释 | English Explanation |
|---|
| Terms of Trade=PMPX×100 | 贸易条件 = 出口价格 ÷ 进口价格 ×100。高于 100 表示出口相对有利。 | Terms of Trade = Export Price ÷ Import Price ×100. Values above 100 indicate favorable exports. |
| Real Exchange Rate=P∗E×P | 实际汇率 = 名义汇率 × 国内物价 ÷ 国外物价。反映本国商品相对价格。 | Real Exchange Rate = Nominal Exchange Rate × Domestic Price ÷ Foreign Price. |