Quartz 4

相关题目

13 min read

概念题 20道

1. What is absolute advantage? (什么是绝对优势？)

📖 点击查看答案 It is the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. 它是指个人、公司或国家在使用相同资源的情况下，生产更多商品或服务的能力。

2. What is comparative advantage? (什么是比较优势？)

📖 点击查看答案 It exists when an individual, firm, or country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than others. 当个人、公司或国家生产某种商品的机会成本低于其他参与者时，就存在比较优势。

3. What is opportunity cost? (什么是机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 The value of the next-best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. 在做出选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。

4. What is marginal cost? (什么是边际成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 The additional cost incurred from producing one more unit of a good or service. 生产额外一单位商品或服务所增加的成本。

5. What is marginal benefit? (什么是边际效益？)

📖 点击查看答案 The additional satisfaction or utility gained from consuming one more unit of a good or service. 消费一单位额外商品或服务所获得的额外满足感或效用。

6. What is a production possibility frontier (PPF)? (什么是生产可能性边界？)

📖 点击查看答案 A curve showing all possible combinations of two goods that can be produced with given resources and technology. 显示在给定资源和技术下，两种商品所有可能组合的曲线。

7. What does a bowed-out PPF indicate? (向外凸的生产可能性边界表示什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 Increasing opportunity costs as production of one good rises. 一种商品产量增加时，机会成本递增。

8. What is a traditional economy? (什么是传统经济？)

📖 点击查看答案 An economy organized by customs and traditions, often with occupations inherited. 以习俗和传统组织的经济体系，职业通常世袭。

9. What is a command economy? (什么是计划经济？)

📖 点击查看答案 An economy where the government decides production, prices, wages, and methods. 政府决定生产、价格、工资和生产方法的经济体系。

10. What is a market economy? (什么是市场经济？)

📖 点击查看答案 A decentralized economy where private individuals or firms own resources and produce based on demand. 决策分散、私人或企业拥有资源并按需求生产的经济体系。

11. What is a mixed economy? (什么是混合经济？)

📖 点击查看答案 An economy combining market and command elements with some government intervention. 结合市场与计划经济元素，政府有一定干预的经济体系。

12. What is scarcity? (什么是稀缺性？)

📖 点击查看答案 Limited resources relative to unlimited wants, forcing choices. 资源有限而需求无限，因此必须做出选择。

13. What is rational choice? (什么是理性选择？)

📖 点击查看答案 Decision-making that compares costs and benefits to maximize net benefit. 通过比较成本与收益以实现最大净效益的决策方式。

14. What are incentives? (什么是激励？)

📖 点击查看答案 Rewards or penalties that motivate individuals to take certain actions. 促使个体采取特定行动的奖励或惩罚。

15. What is a positive incentive? (什么是正向激励？)

📖 点击查看答案 An incentive that encourages a certain action, e.g., bonuses. 鼓励某种行动的激励，例如奖金。

16. What is a negative incentive? (什么是负向激励？)

📖 点击查看答案 An incentive that discourages a certain action, e.g., taxes. 抑制某种行动的激励，例如税收。

17. What is division of labor? (什么是劳动分工？)

📖 点击查看答案 Dividing production into separate tasks for different workers to increase efficiency. 将生产划分为不同任务，由不同工人完成以提高效率。

18. What is specialization? (什么是专业化？)

📖 点击查看答案 Focus on tasks or products one is most efficient at to increase productivity. 专注于最擅长的任务或产品以提高生产力。

19. What is marginal analysis? (什么是边际分析？)

📖 点击查看答案 Comparing additional benefits and costs of one more unit of action. 比较增加一单位行动的额外收益与成本。

20. What is the relationship between opportunity cost and PPF? (机会成本与PPF的关系是什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 The slope of the PPF represents the opportunity cost of producing one good in terms of the other. PPF的斜率表示生产一种商品以牺牲另一种商品的机会成本。

应用题 20道

1. Abby has 2 hours to either study or watch movies. If she studies, she can improve her grade by 20 points per hour. If she watches movies, she gains 3 units of entertainment per hour. How should she allocate her time? (Abby有2小时可以用来学习或看电影。如果学习，她每小时可以提高成绩20分；如果看电影，她每小时获得3单位娱乐。她应如何分配时间？)

📖 点击查看答案 Study 2 hours: 20 × 2 = 40 > 3 × 2 = 6; maximize net benefit. 学习2小时：20×2=40 > 3×2=6；最大化净效益。

2. A factory produces either pins or pencils. Producing 100 pins costs 20 pencils, producing 200 pins costs 50 pencils. What is the opportunity cost of producing 200 pins? (工厂生产针或铅笔。生产100根针放弃20支铅笔，生产200根针放弃50支铅笔。生产200根针的机会成本是多少？)

📖 点击查看答案 Additional pins = 100; additional pencils forgone = 50-20 = 30; opportunity cost = 30 pencils. 增加针 =100；额外放弃铅笔=50-20=30；机会成本=30支铅笔。

3. Country A produces 3000 laptops and 18,000 phones or 4000 laptops and 10,000 phones. What is the opportunity cost of producing 4000 laptops? (A国可生产3000笔记本/18,000手机或4000笔记本/10,000手机。生产4000笔记本的机会成本是多少？)

📖 点击查看答案 Phones forgone = 18,000-10,000 = 8,000. 放弃手机=18,000-10,000=8,000。

4. Stephanie has $500. Shoes cost $50, dresses $100. She wants 1 more dress. Opportunity cost? (Stephanie有500美元，鞋50美元/双，裙100美元/条。想买1条裙子。机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 3rd dress costs $100 = 2 shoes; opportunity cost = 2 shoes. 第3条裙子100美元=2双鞋；机会成本=2双鞋。

5. Colin produces 1 Pokemon card at the cost of 2 fidget spinners. He makes 10 cards. How many spinners forgone? (Colin每生产1张Pokemon卡放弃2个指尖陀螺。生产10张卡放弃多少陀螺？)

📖 点击查看答案 2 × 10 = 20 spinners. 2 × 10 = 20个陀螺。

6. A firm hires a worker adding 50 widgets at $40 labor cost. Revenue per widget $1. Should they hire? (企业雇佣1名工人增加50个小部件，工资40美元，每个小部件收入1美元。是否雇佣？)

📖 点击查看答案 Revenue = 50×1=50>40 cost; yes. 收入=50×1=50>40成本；是，应雇佣。

7. A student can work for $45 or watch a movie for $20. Opportunity cost of movie? (学生可以赚45美元或看电影花20美元。电影机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Opportunity cost = $20 + $45 = $65. 机会成本=20+45=65美元。

8. Country moves from 3000 laptops/18,000 phones to 4000 laptops/10,000 phones. Opportunity cost in phones? (国家从3000笔记本/18,000手机到4000笔记本/10,000手机。手机机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Phones forgone = 18,000-10,000=8,000. 放弃手机=18,000-10,000=8,000。

9. Factory produces 100 cars high cost, 50,000 cars low cost per unit. Economic principle? (工厂生产100辆车成本高，50,000辆低。经济学原理？)

📖 点击查看答案 Economies of scale: average cost decreases with higher production. 规模经济：产量越高单位平均成本越低。

10. Student chooses 3 extra hours studying or leisure. Decision method? (学生选择额外3小时学习或休闲。如何决策？)

📖 点击查看答案 Compare marginal benefit of studying vs leisure; choose greater net benefit. 比较学习与休闲边际效益；选择净效益更大。

11. Emily chooses 4 years college instead of working $40,000/year. Opportunity cost? (Emily选择4年大学而不是工作，每年4万美元。机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Opportunity cost = $40,000 × 4 = $160,000. 机会成本=40,000×4=160,000美元。

12. David invests $10,000 in stocks instead of real estate; real estate return $2,000/year. Opportunity cost? (David投资股票而非房地产，房地产收益每年2,000美元。机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Opportunity cost = $2,000/year. 机会成本=每年2,000美元。

13. Government spends $1B on infrastructure vs education. Opportunity cost? (政府将10亿美元用于基础设施而非教育。机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Benefits foregone from education improvements. 放弃教育改善的收益。

14. Colin produces 2 spinners per card. Produces 5 cards. Spinners forgone? (Colin每生产1张卡放弃2陀螺。生产5张卡放弃多少？)

📖 点击查看答案 2 × 5 = 10 spinners. 2 × 5 = 10个陀螺。

15. Country moves along PPF from 2000 laptops/24,000 phones to 3000 laptops/18,000 phones. Opportunity cost in phones? (国家沿PPF从2000笔记本/24,000手机到3000笔记本/18,000手机。手机机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Phones forgone = 24,000-18,000=6,000. 放弃手机=24,000-18,000=6,000。

16. Worker produces 10 pins/day alone or 48,000/day with 9 others specializing. Principle? (工人单独生产10针/天，与9人分工生产48,000/天。体现原则？)

📖 点击查看答案 Division of labor increases productivity. 劳动分工提高生产力。

17. Lisa can bake 10 cakes/day or 20 pies/day. What to produce to maximize net benefit if cakes sell for $5 and pies $2? (Lisa每天可烤10蛋糕或20派。蛋糕$5/个，派$2/个。如何生产以最大净效益？)

📖 点击查看答案 Cakes revenue = 10×5=50; pies = 20×2=40; produce cakes. 蛋糕收入=10×5=50；派=20×2=40；生产蛋糕。

18. Jack has $100 to buy apples ($2) or oranges ($4). Wants 10 apples. Opportunity cost? (Jack有100美元买苹果($2)或橙子($4)。想要10苹果。机会成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 10 apples cost $20 → could buy 5 oranges; opportunity cost = 5 oranges. 10苹果花20美元→可买5橙子；机会成本=5橙子。

19. Firm considers raising production from 500 to 600 units. Marginal cost $30/unit, marginal revenue $35/unit. Should it produce? (企业考虑将产量从500升至600单位。边际成本$30/单位，边际收益$35/单位。是否增加产量？)

📖 点击查看答案 MR>MC → produce additional units. 边际收益>边际成本 → 增加产量。

20. Country can trade rice and wheat. If it has comparative advantage in rice, what should it do? (国家在稻米上有比较优势，应如何做？)

📖 点击查看答案 Specialize in rice and trade for wheat to increase total output. 专注生产稻米并交换小麦，提高总产出。

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