Practice Set — Economic Growth and Globalization（经济增长与全球化练习题）
Question 1 — Capital Deepening and Output (资本深化与产出)
Assume a country’s production function is Y = K^0.4 L^0.6.
If labor L increases by 10% and capital K increases by 20%, by what percentage does output Y increase?
假设某国生产函数为 Y = K^0.4 L^0.6。
若劳动 L 增加 10%，资本 K 增加 20%，求产出 Y 的增长率。
📖 点击查看答案
ΔY/Y = 0.4(20%) + 0.6(10%) = 14%.
📝 点击查看解析
由柯布-道格拉斯函数的弹性性质可得：产出增长率为各要素增长率按其份额加权平均。
即 ΔY/Y = αΔK/K + βΔL/L = 0.4×0.2 + 0.6×0.1 = 0.14 = 14%。
Question 2 — Catch-up Effect (赶超效应)
Country A’s GDP per capita is 40,000, growing at 2%.
How many years will it take for A to catch up to B?
A 国人均 GDP 为 40,000，增长率 2%。
A 需要多少年追平 B？
📖 点击查看答案
About 46 years.
📝 点击查看解析
Solve .
Take logs: ln(1.05/1.02)^t = ln(4) → t = ln(4)/ln(1.05/1.02) ≈ 1.386/0.0296 ≈ 46.8 years。
Question 3 — Knowledge Spillover (知识溢出效应)
Explain how “knowledge spillover” contributes to increasing returns in the economy.
解释知识溢出如何导致经济中的递增报酬。
📖 点击查看答案
Knowledge spillovers allow new ideas to spread across firms without diminishing the originator’s benefit.
📝 点击查看解析
知识的非竞争性使创新成果可被多方使用；随着更多企业共享技术，整体生产率上升。
这使得社会层面上呈现“递增报酬”，即知识越多，产出增长越快。
Question 4 — Technological Diffusion (技术扩散)
Suppose developing countries adopt 60% of advanced technology from rich countries per decade.
If rich nations grow at 3% annually, what is the expected growth rate for developing countries due to diffusion?
假设发展中国家每十年能吸收发达国家 60% 的技术。
若发达国家年增长 3%，发展中国家的预期增长率是多少？
📖 点击查看答案
1.8% annually.
📝 点击查看解析
技术扩散贡献 = 3% × 60% = 1.8%。
说明技术吸收能力直接决定发展中国家追赶速度。
Question 5 — Poverty Trap (贫困陷阱)
Explain why low savings rates can create a poverty trap in developing economies.
解释为何低储蓄率会在发展中国家造成贫困陷阱。
📖 点击查看答案
Low income → low savings → low investment → slow growth → persistent low income.
📝 点击查看解析
储蓄不足使资本形成缓慢，企业难以扩张，导致增长停滞。
这种自我强化循环使经济长期维持在低收入状态。
Question 6 — Foreign Direct Investment (外商直接投资)
FDI inflow in Country X increases from 80B after trade liberalization.
If capital stock contributes 0.3 elasticity to output, estimate GDP growth from FDI expansion.
贸易自由化后，X 国外资流入从 500 亿增至 800 亿。
若资本弹性为 0.3，估算 FDI 扩张带来的 GDP 增长率。
📖 点击查看答案
GDP growth ≈ 0.3 × (80−50)/50 = 0.3 × 0.6 = 18%.
📝 点击查看解析
资本存量增加 60%，按产出弹性 0.3 计算：增长贡献为 18%。
说明开放经济能通过外资迅速提升产出水平。
Question 7 — Total Factor Productivity (全要素生产率)
If Y grows by 6%, capital by 3%, and labor by 2%, compute the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) given output elasticity α=0.4, β=0.6.
当 Y 增长 6%、资本 3%、劳动 2%，且 α=0.4，β=0.6，求全要素生产率增长率。
📖 点击查看答案
TFP growth = 6% − (0.4×3% + 0.6×2%) = 6 − 2.4 = 3.6%.
📝 点击查看解析
TFP 代表未由投入解释的产出增长：
TFP = ΔY/Y − (αΔK/K + βΔL/L) = 0.06 − (0.012 + 0.012) = 0.036 = 3.6%。
Question 8 — Human Capital Return (人力资本收益)
An education reform raises average years of schooling from 9 to 12, improving worker productivity by 20%.
If labor’s share in GDP is 60%, estimate the overall GDP effect.
教育改革使平均受教育年限从 9 年增至 12 年，劳动生产率提高 20%。
若劳动在 GDP 中占比 60%，总体 GDP 增长多少？
📖 点击查看答案
GDP growth = 0.6 × 20% = 12%.
📝 点击查看解析
劳动贡献按份额加权：ΔY/Y = 劳动份额 × 生产率增幅 = 0.6×0.2 = 0.12。
教育投资显著提升潜在增长。
Question 9 — Rule of Law (法治)
Explain how rule of law affects economic growth in the long run.
解释法治如何影响长期经济增长。
📖 点击查看答案
By securing property rights and enforcing contracts, it encourages investment and innovation.
📝 点击查看解析
法治提供可预期环境，减少交易成本与不确定性，吸引长期资本与研发投入。
因此是制度性增长的关键。
Question 10 — Inclusive Growth (包容性增长)
Give two policy examples that promote inclusive growth.
举出两项促进包容性增长的政策实例。
📖 点击查看答案
(1) Expanding public education access.
(2) Supporting microfinance for small enterprises.
📝 点击查看解析
包容性增长旨在让低收入群体参与经济活动。
教育普及与普惠金融是典型手段，可同时提高就业与生产率。
Question 11 — Creative Destruction (创造性破坏)
Describe one modern example of creative destruction and its economic impact.
举出现代“创造性破坏”案例及经济影响。
📖 点击查看答案
Example: Artificial intelligence replacing traditional data-entry jobs, increasing overall productivity.
📝 点击查看解析
AI 技术消灭部分低技能岗位，但释放资源至高效部门。
短期阵痛换取长期效率提升。
Question 12 — Compound Interest (复利)
If $2,000 grows at 5% annual interest for 25 years, what is the final value?
若 $2,000 以 5% 年利率复利 25 年，终值为多少？
📖 点击查看答案
FV = 2,000 × (1.05)^25 ≈ $6,773.
📝 点击查看解析
复利公式 FV = P(1+r)^t。
= 2000×(1.05)^25=6773。
说明长期积累的指数效应显著。
Question 13 — FDI and Employment (外资与就业)
Country Z opens its market to foreign investment, creating 1 million jobs and increasing productivity by 8%.
Explain the mechanism through which FDI stimulates employment.
Z 国开放外资市场，新增 100 万岗位，生产率提升 8%。
说明 FDI 刺激就业的机制。
📖 点击查看答案
FDI creates new industries, transfers technology, and raises labor demand through higher capital inflows.
📝 点击查看解析
外资带来资本、技术与管理经验，使企业扩张。
劳动需求上升，从而推动就业增长。
Question 14 — Globalization Impact (全球化影响)
Name two benefits and one risk of globalization for developing countries.
列出全球化对发展中国家的两项收益与一项风险。
📖 点击查看答案
Benefits: (1) Access to technology; (2) Expanded export markets.
Risk: Overdependence on foreign capital or demand shocks.
📝 点击查看解析
全球化可促进技术扩散与出口增长，但若经济过度依赖外需，可能受外部危机影响。
Question 15 — Sustainable Growth (可持续增长)
Define “sustainable economic growth.”
定义“可持续经济增长”。
📖 点击查看答案
Long-term increase in output that does not deplete natural or human resources.
📝 点击查看解析
可持续增长要求经济扩张与资源保护并重。
即增长能长期持续而不损害环境与社会资本。
Question 16 — Institutional Reform Case (制度改革案例)
After judicial reform, contract enforcement time drops by 40%, and investment rises by 15%.
Explain how this reform promotes growth.
司法改革使合同执行时间缩短 40%，投资上升 15%。
解释改革如何促进增长。
📖 点击查看答案
Faster enforcement reduces uncertainty and transaction costs, boosting business confidence.
📝 点击查看解析
法治改进降低企业风险，提高投资效率。
制度质量是长期增长的决定性因素之一。
Question 17 — HDI Comparison (人类发展指数比较)
Country A’s life expectancy index = 0.8, education = 0.7, income = 0.9.
Compute HDI.
A 国的寿命指数 0.8，教育 0.7，收入 0.9。
求人类发展指数。
📖 点击查看答案
HDI = (0.8 × 0.7 × 0.9)^(1/3) ≈ 0.79.
📝 点击查看解析
HDI = (LEI × EI × II)^(1/3) = (0.504)^(1/3)=0.793。
说明三项指标需平衡发展才能提升整体福祉。
Question 18 — Divergence and Institutions (经济发散与制度)
Why do some countries experience divergence instead of convergence in income?
为何部分国家出现“收入发散”而非“收敛”？
📖 点击查看答案
Due to weak institutions, corruption, and poor human capital preventing effective technology adoption.
📝 点击查看解析
若制度不稳、腐败盛行、教育不足，即便资本增加也无法吸收先进技术，导致与富国差距扩大。
Question 19 — TFP vs Capital Growth (全要素生产率与资本增长)
Country X’s GDP grows 5%, capital 4%, labor 1%.
If α=0.4, β=0.6, find TFP growth.
X 国 GDP 增长 5%，资本 4%，劳动 1%，α=0.4，β=0.6。
求全要素生产率增长。
📖 点击查看答案
TFP = 5% − (0.4×4% + 0.6×1%) = 5 − 2.2 = 2.8%.
📝 点击查看解析
TFP 表示技术或效率提升的贡献：ΔY/Y − (αΔK/K + βΔL/L) = 0.05−0.022=0.028。
Question 20 — Knowledge-Based Economy (知识型经济)
Briefly explain what defines a knowledge-based economy and give one example.
简述知识型经济的特征，并举一例。
📖 点击查看答案
Economy driven by innovation, human capital, and information rather than physical inputs; e.g., South Korea’s IT industry.
📝 点击查看解析
知识经济以信息、科技与人才为主要生产要素，非传统资本驱动。
韩国与新加坡的信息产业是典型实例。