Question 1 — Finding Equilibrium GDP from AE Table(根据 AE 表求均衡 GDP)

The following table shows a simple closed economy where investment is fixed at and government purchases at . Net exports are zero.

下表给出一简单封闭经济:投资固定为 ,政府购买为 ,净出口为 0。

Real GDP Consumption
6,0005,200
7,0005,900
8,0006,600
9,0007,300
10,0008,000

a) For each , compute .
b) For each , compute unplanned inventories .
c) What is the equilibrium level of real GDP?

a) 对每个 ,计算
b) 对每个 ,计算非计划存货变动
c) 均衡实际 GDP 为多少?


Question 2 — Computing MPC and MPS from a Table(从表格计算 MPC 与 MPS)

In an economy, consumption and income are related as follows:

某经济体中消费与收入的关系如下:

Real GDP Consumption
8,0007,000
9,0007,800
10,0008,600

a) Compute the marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
b) Compute the marginal propensity to save (MPS).

a) 计算边际消费倾向 MPC。
b) 计算边际储蓄倾向 MPS。


Question 3 — Multiplier from MPC(根据 MPC 求乘数)

In a simple AE model, the marginal propensity to consume is .

在一个简单的总支出模型中,边际消费倾向为

a) Compute the spending multiplier .
b) If autonomous spending increases by (billion dollars), by how much does equilibrium real GDP change?

a) 计算支出乘数
b) 若自主支出增加 (十亿美元),均衡实际 GDP 变化多少?


Question 4 — Comparing Multipliers in Two Economies(比较两个经济体的乘数)

Economy A has , Economy B has .

经济体 A 的边际消费倾向为 ,经济体 B 的为

a) Compute the spending multiplier in each economy.
b) If autonomous investment rises by in each economy, which economy experiences a larger change in equilibrium GDP and by how much?

a) 计算两个经济体的支出乘数。
b) 若两国自主投资都增加 100,哪个经济体均衡 GDP 变化更大?分别是多少?


Question 5 — Geometric Series Interpretation of the Multiplier(用等比数列理解乘数)

Suppose and .

假设自主支出增加 ,且

a) Write the first four terms of the GDP change series .
b) Use the geometric series formula to compute the total .

a) 写出 GDP 变化数列的前四项。
b) 使用等比数列求和公式计算总的


Question 6 — Algebraic Equilibrium with Given C, I, G, NX(用方程求宏观均衡)

Consider the following economy:

设有如下经济:

a) Write the aggregate expenditure function .
b) Solve for equilibrium real GDP such that .

a) 写出总支出函数
b) 求解满足 的均衡实际 GDP


Question 7 — Effect of a Change in G on Equilibrium GDP(政府购买变动对均衡 GDP 的影响)

Using the same economy as Question 6, initially . Now the government increases its purchases to .

延续第 6 题的经济体,原先 ,现在政府将购买增加到

a) Find the new AE function.
b) Compute the new equilibrium GDP.
c) By how much did GDP increase, and what implicit multiplier does this imply for government spending?

a) 写出新的 函数。
b) 计算新的均衡 GDP。
c) GDP 增加了多少?隐含的政府支出乘数是多少?


Question 8 — Autonomous vs Induced Expenditure in a Diagram(图形中识别自主与诱导支出)

In an AE diagram, the AE line shifts upward in parallel from to by 300 at every level of .

在 AE 图中,AE 线从 平行上移到 ,在每个 水平上的垂直差距都为 300。

a) Is this change best described as a change in autonomous expenditure or induced expenditure?
b) Give an example of a policy or shock that could cause this shift.

a) 这种变化应被视为自主支出变化还是诱导支出变化?
b) 举一个可以导致此类平移的政策或冲击的例子。


Question 9 — Price Level Increase and AE Shift(物价上升与 AE 下移)

Suppose the price level rises from 100 to 103.

假设物价水平从 100 上升到 103。

a) Briefly explain how the wealth effect, interest-rate effect, and net export effect each contribute to a downward shift in AE.
b) In the AE– diagram, does equilibrium real GDP rise or fall when AE shifts downward?

a) 简要说明财富效应、利率效应与净出口效应如何共同导致 AE 线下移。
b) 在 AE– 图中,当 AE 下移时,均衡实际 GDP 上升还是下降?


Question 10 — Constructing Points on the AD Curve(构造 AD 曲线上的点)

From the AE model we obtain the following equilibrium combinations:

通过 AE 模型得到如下均衡组合:

  • Price level → Equilibrium real GDP trillion
  • trillion
  • trillion

a) Plotting these as points in space, what is the slope sign (positive/negative) of the aggregate demand curve?
b) Briefly explain why the AD curve slopes this way in terms of AE shifts.

a) 若把这些点画在 平面上,总需求曲线的斜率是正还是负?
b) 用 AE 线移动的逻辑简要解释 AD 曲线为何呈这种斜率。


Question 11 — Effect of Lower Price Level on Equilibrium GDP(物价下降对均衡 GDP 的影响)

Starting from and equilibrium GDP trillion, the price level falls to .

原先价格水平 、均衡 GDP 为 20 万亿,现在物价下降到

a) In the AE diagram, does the AE line move up or down?
b) What happens to equilibrium real GDP, and why, in terms of induced expenditure?

a) 在 AE 图中,AE 线是上移还是下移?
b) 均衡实际 GDP 如何变化?从诱导支出的角度解释原因。


Question 12 — Concept: Autonomous vs Induced Expenditure(概念:自主支出 vs 诱导支出)

Explain the difference between autonomous expenditure and induced expenditure in the AE model, and give one example of each.

在 AE 模型中,解释自主支出诱导支出的区别,并分别举一个例子。


Question 13 — Concept: MPC and MPS(概念:MPC 与 MPS)

Define marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and marginal propensity to save (MPS) and explain why .

给出边际消费倾向 MPC边际储蓄倾向 MPS 的定义,并解释为何


Question 14 — Concept: Multiplier Effect(概念:乘数效应)

What is the multiplier effect in the AE model, and why does it rely on ?

在 AE 模型中,什么是乘数效应?为什么它要求


Question 15 — Concept: Wealth Effect(概念:财富效应)

Explain the wealth effect of a change in the price level and how it affects the AE curve.

解释物价水平变化的财富效应及其对 AE 曲线的影响。


Question 16 — Concept: Interest-rate Effect(概念:利率效应)

What is the interest-rate effect of a price-level change, and which components of does it mainly influence?

什么是物价变化的利率效应?在 中,它主要影响哪些部分?


Question 17 — Concept: Net Export Effect(概念:净出口效应)

Describe the net export effect of a higher domestic price level on and the AE curve.

描述本国物价水平上升的净出口效应及其对 和 AE 曲线的影响。


Question 18 — Concept: Relationship between AE Model and AD Curve(AE 模型与 AD 曲线的关系)

How do we move from the AE model (with a fixed price level) to the aggregate demand (AD) curve in space?

我们如何从“给定价格水平下的 AE 模型”推导出 平面中的总需求 AD 曲线


Question 19 — Concept: Interpretation of the 45-degree Line(概念:45 度线的含义)

In the AE diagram, what does the 45-degree line represent, and why is its intersection with the AE line important?

在 AE 图中,45 度线代表什么?为什么它与 AE 线的交点如此重要?


Question 20 — Concept: Why the Simple Multiplier May Overstate Reality(概念:简单乘数为何会高估现实)

List two reasons why the simple multiplier in the textbook may overestimate the true multiplier in the real economy.

列出两个原因,说明为何教材中的简单乘数 可能高估现实经济中的真实乘数。


Question 21 — Application: Identifying MPC from a Table(应用:从表格识别 MPC)

Given the following AE table for a closed economy where is constant:

某封闭经济的 AE 表如下,且 恒为 2,000:

9,0007,6009,600-600
10,0008,40010,400-400
11,0009,20011,200-200
12,00010,00012,0000

a) What is the value of MPC?
b) What is the value of the spending multiplier ?

a) 求 MPC。
b) 求支出乘数


Question 22 — Application: Change in NX and Equilibrium GDP(应用:净出口变化对均衡 GDP 的影响)

In an open economy, consumption and other components are:

在一开放经济中:

  • initially

a) Find the initial equilibrium GDP.
b) Foreign demand improves, raising net exports to . Find the new equilibrium GDP.
c) By how much did GDP change due to the export shock?

a) 求初始均衡 GDP。
b) 国外需求改善,净出口变为 ,求新均衡 GDP。
c) 由于这次出口冲击,GDP 变化了多少?


Question 23 — Application: Finding Consumption Function from MPC(应用:由 MPC 求消费函数)

In a simple model, the consumption function has the form . You observe that when , and when , .

消费函数 ,现在观测到:当 时,;当 时,

a) Compute MPC.
b) Compute and write the full consumption function.

a) 求 MPC。
b) 求 并写出完整消费函数。


Question 24 — Application: GDP Change with Given Multiplier(应用:已知乘数下的 GDP 变化)

In an economy, the multiplier is known to be . The government announces a temporary stimulus that raises autonomous spending by .

某经济体的乘数已知为 ,政府宣布一项临时刺激计划,使自主支出增加

a) By how much does equilibrium GDP change?
b) If GDP was originally , what is the new equilibrium GDP?

a) 均衡 GDP 将变化多少?
b) 若原均衡 GDP 为 5,000,新均衡 GDP 为多少?


Question 25 — Application: Solving Equilibrium with Tax-like Leakage(应用:含“泄漏”的均衡计算)

Suppose the effective marginal leakage from income (including saving, taxes, and imports) is 0.3, so that only 70% of any extra income is spent on domestic goods and services.

假设来自收入的“有效边际泄漏”(包括储蓄、税收和进口)为 0.3,即每一单位新增收入只有 70% 用于购买本国产品和服务。

a) What is the effective marginal propensity to spend domestically?
b) Compute the effective multiplier.
c) If autonomous spending rises by , what is the change in equilibrium GDP?

a) 有效“对本国产品的支出倾向”是多少?
b) 求有效乘数。
c) 若自主支出增加 250,均衡 GDP 变化多少?