📘 宏观经济学公式手册 (Macroeconomics Formula Handbook)

(按 Hubbard 第五版顺序,表格展示)


1. GDP 与国民收入核算 (Measuring GDP & National Income)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
国内生产总值 = 消费 + 投资 + 政府支出 + 出口 − 进口。支出法核算 GDP。GDP = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Exports − Imports. (Expenditure Approach)
国内生产总值 = 工资 + 租金 + 利息 + 利润 + 间接税 − 补贴。收入法核算 GDP。GDP = Wages + Rent + Interest + Profits + Indirect Taxes − Subsidies. (Income Approach)
GDP 也可以通过生产法计算,即总产出 − 中间投入,避免重复计算。GDP can also be measured as Total Output − Intermediate Inputs. (Production Approach)
名义 GDP = 当期价格 × 当期产量。未考虑通货膨胀影响。Nominal GDP = Current Prices × Current Quantities. Not adjusted for inflation.
实际 GDP = 基期价格 × 当期产量。消除物价变动影响。Real GDP = Base-Year Prices × Current Quantities. Adjusted for inflation.
GDP 平减指数 = 名义 GDP ÷ 实际 GDP ×100。衡量整体价格水平。GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP ÷ Real GDP) × 100. Measures overall price level.
人均 GDP = 总 GDP ÷ 人口。衡量平均生活水平。GDP per Capita = GDP ÷ Population. Indicator of living standard.
国民生产总值 = GDP + 海外要素净收入。Gross National Product = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad.
国民净产值 = GNP − 折旧。Net National Product = GNP − Depreciation.
国民收入 = 国民净产值 − 间接税 + 补贴。National Income = NNP − Indirect Taxes + Subsidies.
个人收入 = 国民收入 − (企业税 + 留存利润 + 社保) + 转移支付。Personal Income = NI − (Corporate Taxes + Retained Earnings + Social Security) + Transfer Payments.
可支配收入 = 个人收入 − 个人税收。Disposable Personal Income = PI − Personal Taxes.

2. 物价水平与通货膨胀 (Price Level & Inflation)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
消费者物价指数 = (当期价格 × 基期数量) ÷ (基期价格 × 基期数量) ×100。Consumer Price Index = (Current Prices × Base Quantities) ÷ (Base Prices × Base Quantities) × 100.
生产者物价指数,衡量生产环节价格水平。Producer Price Index, measures prices at producer level.
拉氏指数:以基期数量为权重,常用于 CPI。Laspeyres Index: Uses base-year quantities as weights.
帕氏指数:以当期数量为权重。Paasche Index: Uses current-year quantities as weights.
费雪指数:拉氏与帕氏的几何平均。Fisher Index: Geometric mean of Laspeyres and Paasche.
CPI 通胀率 = 当期 CPI − 前期 CPI ÷ 前期 CPI ×100%。CPI Inflation Rate = (CPI_t − CPI_{t-1}) ÷ CPI_{t-1} ×100%.
GDP 平减指数通胀率 = 当期平减指数 − 前期平减指数 ÷ 前期平减指数 ×100%。Inflation Rate via GDP Deflator.
实际利率 = 名义利率 − 通货膨胀率。Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate − Inflation.

3. 失业 (Unemployment)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
失业率 = 失业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。Unemployment Rate = Unemployed ÷ Labor Force ×100%.
劳动参与率 = 劳动力人口 ÷ 工作年龄人口 ×100%。Labor Force Participation Rate = Labor Force ÷ Working-Age Population ×100%.
就业率 = 就业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。Employment Rate = Employed ÷ Labor Force ×100%.
奥肯定律:当失业率高于自然失业率时,产出低于潜在产出。Okun’s Law: Output gap relates negatively to unemployment gap.
菲利普斯曲线:通胀取决于预期通胀、失业率与供给冲击。Phillips Curve: Inflation depends on expected inflation, unemployment gap, and supply shocks.

4. 长期经济增长 (Long-Run Economic Growth)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
索洛模型资本积累:资本存量变化 = 储蓄投资 − (人口增长 + 折旧) × 资本。Solow Model Capital Accumulation: Change in capital per worker = Saving − (Population Growth + Depreciation) × Capital.
稳态资本水平:在长期均衡时,资本存量保持不变。Steady-State Capital Level: Long-run equilibrium when capital per worker is constant.
黄金律资本存量:当资本的边际产出等于人口增长 + 折旧时,消费最大化。Golden Rule Capital Stock: Consumption is maximized when MPK = Population Growth + Depreciation.
增长核算公式:产出增长 = 技术进步率 + (资本增长 × 资本份额) + (劳动增长 × 劳动份额)。Growth Accounting Equation: Output Growth = Technology Growth + (Capital Growth × Capital Share) + (Labor Growth × Labor Share).

5. 储蓄、投资与金融体系 (Saving, Investment & Financial System)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
储蓄函数:储蓄 = 可支配收入 − 消费。Saving Function: Saving = Disposable Income − Consumption.
国民储蓄 = 私人储蓄 + 公共储蓄。National Saving = Private Saving + Public Saving.
财政赤字 = 政府支出 − 税收。Budget Deficit = Government Spending − Taxes.
公共储蓄 = 税收 − 政府支出。Public Saving = Taxes − Government Spending.
开放经济储蓄-投资恒等式:储蓄 − 投资 = 净出口。Saving-Investment Identity in Open Economy: Saving − Investment = Net Exports.

6. 总需求与总供给 (AD-AS Model)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
总需求 = 消费 + 投资 + 政府支出 + 净出口。Aggregate Demand = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports.
短期总供给:价格水平取决于预期价格和产出缺口。Short-Run Aggregate Supply: Price depends on expected price and output gap.
长期总供给:产出固定在潜在产出水平。Long-Run Aggregate Supply: Output fixed at potential output.
产出缺口 = (实际产出 − 潜在产出) ÷ 潜在产出 ×100%。Output Gap = (Actual Output − Potential Output) ÷ Potential Output ×100%.

7. 乘数效应与消费 (Multiplier Effect & Consumption)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
消费函数:消费 = 自发消费 + 边际消费倾向 × 可支配收入。Consumption Function: C = Autonomous Consumption + MPC × Disposable Income.
边际消费倾向:收入每增加 1 单位,消费增加的比例。Marginal Propensity to Consume: The fraction of additional income spent on consumption.
边际储蓄倾向:收入每增加 1 单位,储蓄增加的比例。Marginal Propensity to Save: The fraction of additional income saved.
投资乘数:投资支出变化对产出的放大效应。Investment Multiplier: The amplified effect of investment spending on output.
政府支出乘数:政府支出增加对 GDP 的影响。Government Spending Multiplier: The effect of government purchases on GDP.
税收乘数:税收变化对产出的影响,带负号。Tax Multiplier: The effect of tax changes on output (negative).
平衡预算乘数:政府增加支出同时增加同额税收,GDP 增加 1。Balanced-Budget Multiplier: If government spending and taxes increase equally, GDP increases by 1.

8. IS-LM 模型 (IS-LM Model)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
IS 曲线:商品市场均衡。产出 = 消费 + 投资 + 政府支出 + 净出口。IS Curve: Goods market equilibrium. Output = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports.
LM 曲线:货币市场均衡。实际货币供给 = 货币需求。LM Curve: Money market equilibrium. Real Money Supply = Money Demand.
货币需求函数:货币需求取决于收入(正相关)和利率(负相关)。Money Demand Function: Demand for money increases with income, decreases with interest rate.

9. 货币与通胀 (Money & Inflation)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
货币数量论:货币供给 × 货币流通速度 = 价格水平 × 产出。Quantity Theory of Money: Money Supply × Velocity = Price Level × Output.
费雪效应:名义利率 = 实际利率 + 预期通货膨胀率。Fisher Effect: Nominal Interest Rate = Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation.
通货膨胀近似公式:通胀率 ≈ 货币供给增长率 − 产出增长率。Inflation Approximation: Inflation ≈ Money Growth Rate − Output Growth Rate.

12. 劳动力市场扩展 (Labor Market Extensions)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
失业率 = 失业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。衡量劳动力中失业者比例。Unemployment Rate = Unemployed ÷ Labor Force ×100%.
劳动参与率 = 劳动力人口 ÷ 工作年龄人口 ×100%。反映劳动供给程度。Labor Force Participation Rate = Labor Force ÷ Working-Age Population ×100%.
就业率 = 就业人数 ÷ 劳动力人口 ×100%。Employment Rate = Employed ÷ Labor Force ×100%.
实际工资 = 名义工资 ÷ 物价水平,衡量工资购买力。Real Wage = Nominal Wage ÷ Price Level.

13. 价格指数补充 (Additional Price Indexes)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
拉氏指数:以基期数量为权重,常用于 CPI。Laspeyres Index: Uses base-year quantities as weights (common in CPI).
帕氏指数:以当期数量为权重。Paasche Index: Uses current-year quantities as weights.
费雪指数:拉氏与帕氏的几何平均,更平衡。Fisher Index: Geometric mean of Laspeyres and Paasche indices.

14. 贸易条件 (Terms of Trade)

公式 (Formula)中文解释English Explanation
贸易条件 = 出口价格 ÷ 进口价格 ×100。高于 100 表示出口相对有利。Terms of Trade = Export Price ÷ Import Price ×100. Values above 100 indicate favorable exports.
实际汇率 = 名义汇率 × 国内物价 ÷ 国外物价。反映本国商品相对价格。Real Exchange Rate = Nominal Exchange Rate × Domestic Price ÷ Foreign Price.