Public Goods and Externalities (公共物品与外部性)
Public good. 公共物品
Nonrival. 非竞争性
Nonexcludable. 非排他性
Free rider. 搭便车者
Quasi-public good. 准公共物品
Common resource. 公共资源
Tragedy of the commons. 公地悲剧
Negative externality. 负外部性
Marginal social benefit. 边际社会利益
Marginal social cost. 边际社会成本
Market and Government Intervention (市场与政府干预)
Market failure. 市场失灵
Cost-benefit analysis. 成本效益分析
Price ceiling. 价格上限
Price floor. 价格下限
Subsidy. 补贴
Taxation. 税收
Quota. 配额
Tradable permits. 可交易许可证
Deadweight loss. 无谓损失
Efficiency and Surplus (效率与剩余)
Economic efficiency. 经济效率
Consumer surplus. 消费者剩余
Producer surplus. 生产者剩余
Diminishing returns. 递减回报
Optimal quantity. 最优数量
Equilibrium price. 均衡价格
Market equilibrium. 市场均衡
Monopoly and Competition (垄断与竞争)
Monopoly. 垄断
Market competition. 市场竞争
Comparative advantage. 比较优势
Market power. 市场势力
Price discrimination. 价格歧视
Natural monopoly. 自然垄断
External Effects and Policies (外部效应与政策)
Pollution tax. 污染税
Environmental policy. 环境政策
Government intervention. 政府干预
Property rights. 财产权
External cost. 外部成本
Public policy. 公共政策