1. What is the law of diminishing marginal utility? (什么是边际效用递减法则？)
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The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as a person consumes more of a good, the additional satisfaction or utility gained from each additional unit decreases. 边际效用递减法则指出，当一个人消费更多的商品时，从每增加一单位商品中获得的额外满足感或效用会减少。2. How does the income effect influence consumer choices? (收入效应如何影响消费者选择？)
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The income effect refers to the change in consumption resulting from a change in a consumer’s purchasing power due to a price change. If the price of a good falls, consumers can afford to buy more, thus increasing demand. 收入效应是指由于价格变化导致消费者购买力的变化，从而引起的消费变化。如果商品价格下降，消费者能够买得更多，从而增加需求。3. What is the substitution effect? (什么是替代效应？)
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The substitution effect occurs when the price of a good decreases, causing consumers to buy more of that good and less of other goods that are now relatively more expensive. 替代效应发生在商品价格下降时，导致消费者购买更多该商品并减少其他相对更贵商品的购买。4. How does the price of pizza affect the demand for Coke in the Super Bowl party example? (在超级碗派对的例子中，披萨价格如何影响可乐的需求？)
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When the price of pizza decreases, consumers may allocate more of their budget to buying pizza, potentially reducing the demand for Coke, depending on their preferences and the marginal utility of each. 当披萨价格下降时，消费者可能会将更多预算分配给购买披萨，这可能会减少对可乐的需求，具体取决于他们的偏好和每种商品的边际效用。5. What is the rule of equal marginal utility per dollar spent? (每花费一美元的边际效用相等规则是什么？)
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The rule of equal marginal utility per dollar spent states that consumers maximize their total utility by ensuring that the marginal utility per dollar spent on each good is equal. 每花费一美元的边际效用相等规则表示消费者通过确保每种商品的边际效用与每花费一美元的效用相等来最大化总效用。6. What happens when a consumer does not follow the rule of equal marginal utility per dollar spent? (当消费者不遵循每花费一美元的边际效用相等规则时会发生什么？)
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If a consumer does not follow the rule, they may not maximize their total utility, as they could be allocating their budget inefficiently. 如果消费者不遵循该规则，他们可能无法最大化总效用，因为他们可能会低效地分配预算。7. How do income and substitution effects relate to the law of demand? (收入效应和替代效应如何与需求法则相关？)
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The income and substitution effects both explain the law of demand: when the price of a good falls, the income effect increases purchasing power, and the substitution effect leads consumers to buy more of the cheaper good. 收入效应和替代效应都解释了需求法则：当商品价格下降时，收入效应增加购买力，替代效应导致消费者购买更多便宜的商品。8. What happens when the price of an inferior good falls? (当劣质商品价格下降时会发生什么？)
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When the price of an inferior good falls, the substitution effect encourages consumers to buy more, but the income effect may cause them to buy less. 当劣质商品的价格下降时，替代效应鼓励消费者购买更多，但收入效应可能会导致他们购买更少。9. What is the income effect of a price decrease? (价格下降的收入效应是什么？)
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The income effect of a price decrease refers to the increased purchasing power that results from the lower price, allowing consumers to buy more of the good. 价格下降的收入效应是指因价格降低而增加的购买力，使消费者能够购买更多商品。10. What is the substitution effect of a price decrease? (价格下降的替代效应是什么？)
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The substitution effect of a price decrease occurs when consumers switch from a more expensive good to a cheaper one as the price of the latter falls. 价格下降的替代效应是指当商品价格下降时，消费者将从较贵的商品转向较便宜的商品。11. How do marginal utility and price determine a consumer’s decision? (边际效用和价格如何决定消费者的决策？)
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A consumer maximizes their utility by comparing the marginal utility per dollar spent on each good. The higher the marginal utility per dollar, the more likely the consumer is to purchase that good. 消费者通过比较每种商品的边际效用与每花费一美元的效用来最大化效用。每花费一美元的边际效用越高，消费者购买该商品的可能性越大。12. What is the relationship between price and quantity demanded according to the law of demand? (根据需求法则，价格与需求量之间的关系是什么？)
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According to the law of demand, as the price of a good decreases, the quantity demanded increases. 根据需求法则，当商品价格下降时，需求量增加。13. What is the market demand curve? (市场需求曲线是什么？)
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The market demand curve is the sum of the individual demand curves of all consumers in the market. It shows the total quantity demanded at each price level. 市场需求曲线是所有消费者个体需求曲线的总和。它显示了每个价格水平下的总需求量。14. What is the effect of a price decrease on the demand for an inferior good? (价格下降对劣质商品需求的影响是什么？)
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The income effect of a price decrease for an inferior good may reduce demand, while the substitution effect may increase demand. 对于劣质商品的价格下降，收入效应可能会减少需求，而替代效应可能会增加需求。15. How does the demand curve for a normal good differ from that for an inferior good? (正常商品的需求曲线与劣质商品的需求曲线有何不同？)
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The demand curve for a normal good slopes downward, reflecting the positive effect of the income and substitution effects. The demand curve for an inferior good may be less steep or even upward sloping in certain cases. 正常商品的需求曲线向下倾斜，反映了收入效应和替代效应的正向影响。而劣质商品的需求曲线在某些情况下可能较平缓甚至向上倾斜。16. What is the marginal utility of a good? (商品的边际效用是什么？)
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The marginal utility of a good is the additional satisfaction or utility gained from consuming one more unit of the good. 商品的边际效用是指从消费一单位额外商品中获得的额外满足感或效用。17. How does a price increase affect a consumer’s demand for a good? (价格上涨如何影响消费者对商品的需求？)
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A price increase generally leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded, as the good becomes more expensive relative to other alternatives. 价格上涨通常会导致需求量减少，因为商品相对于其他替代品变得更贵。18. What is an example of a normal good? (正常商品的例子是什么？)
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Examples of normal goods include luxury items such as cars, high-end electronics, and organic food, which see increased demand as income rises. 正常商品的例子包括奢侈品，如汽车、高端电子产品和有机食品，随着收入的增加，需求会增加。19. What is the effect of a price increase on the quantity demanded for a normal good? (价格上涨对正常商品需求量的影响是什么？)
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A price increase for a normal good typically leads to a decrease in quantity demanded, as consumers may seek cheaper alternatives.
正常商品价格上涨通常会导致需求量减少，因为消费者可能会寻找更便宜的替代品。