Quartz 4

相关题目

9 min read

1. What is a firm’s production function? (什么是企业的生产函数？)

📖 点击查看答案 The production function shows the relationship between the inputs used and the maximum output that can be produced with those inputs. 生产函数表示投入与使用这些投入可以达到的最大产出之间的关系。

2. In the short run, which input is typically considered fixed? (在短期内，哪个投入通常被认为是固定的？)

📖 点击查看答案 The firm’s physical plant or capital such as machinery and ovens is fixed in the short run. 企业的实物资产如机器或烤箱等在短期内是固定的。

3. What is the difference between fixed costs and variable costs? (固定成本和变动成本的区别是什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 Fixed costs remain constant as output changes, while variable costs change with the level of output. 固定成本在产量变化时保持不变，而变动成本随着产量变化而变化。

4. What happens during a positive technological change? (当出现正向技术变革时会发生什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 The firm can produce more output with the same inputs, or the same output with fewer inputs. 企业可以用相同的投入生产更多的产出，或者用更少的投入生产相同的产出。
📖 点击查看答案 Economic costs include both explicit and implicit costs, the latter of which are nonmonetary opportunity costs. 经济成本包括显性成本和隐性成本，隐性成本即为非货币的机会成本。

6. What is economic depreciation? (什么是经济折旧？)

📖 点击查看答案 It is the difference between what a firm paid for capital and what it can sell it for at the end of a period. 经济折旧是企业购买资本品的价格与期末出售该资本品所得之间的差额。

7. What is the formula for total cost? (总成本的公式是什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 Total cost = Fixed cost + Variable cost, or TC = FC + VC. 总成本 = 固定成本 + 变动成本，或 TC = FC + VC。

8. Why does the average total cost curve typically have a U shape? (为什么平均总成本曲线通常呈U型？)

📖 点击查看答案 Because average costs fall at first due to spreading fixed costs, then rise due to diminishing marginal returns. 因为最初固定成本被摊薄使得平均成本下降，随后边际报酬递减使其上升。

9. What is the short-run in economics? (经济学中的“短期”指什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 The period during which at least one input, like capital, is fixed. 是指至少有一种投入（如资本）是固定的时期。

10. What is the long-run in economics? (经济学中的“长期”指什么？)

📖 点击查看答案 The period during which a firm can vary all of its inputs and adopt new technologies. 是指企业可以调整所有投入并采纳新技术的时期。

11. What is an implicit cost? (什么是隐性成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 A nonmonetary opportunity cost, such as forgone income or lost interest. 一种非货币的机会成本，比如放弃的收入或利息。

12. What is an explicit cost? (什么是显性成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 A monetary cost that involves a direct payment of money. 一种涉及直接金钱支付的货币成本。

13. How can rearranging a factory lead to positive technological change? (重新布置工厂如何带来正向技术变革？)

📖 点击查看答案 It can increase efficiency and output without additional inputs. 可以在不增加额外投入的情况下提升效率和产量。

14. What is marginal cost? (什么是边际成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 The additional cost of producing one more unit of output. 每多生产一单位产品所增加的成本。

15. Why is opportunity cost important in economic decision-making? (为什么机会成本在经济决策中很重要？)

📖 点击查看答案 Because it represents the value of the next-best alternative that is foregone. 因为它代表了被放弃的下一个最佳选择的价值。

以下是剩下的10道应用题，继续保持统一格式和中英文双语解释：

16. Why do accountants and economists calculate costs differently? (为什么会计师和经济学家计算成本的方式不同？)

📖 点击查看答案 Accountants focus only on explicit (monetary) costs, while economists include both explicit and implicit (opportunity) costs. 会计只关注显性（货币）成本，而经济学家则包括显性和隐性（机会）成本。

17. If a firm pays 800 in rent, what is the total explicit cost? (如果一家公司支付2000美元工资和800美元租金，总显性成本是多少？)

📖 点击查看答案 $2,800. 2800美元。

18. Jill gives up a 3,000 in interest. What is her implicit cost? (Jill辞掉3万美元的工作创业，还损失了3000美元利息。她的隐性成本是多少？)

📖 点击查看答案 $33,000. 33000美元。

19. What does the U-shape of the average total cost curve imply about production scale? (平均总成本曲线的U型形状说明了生产规模的什么特性？)

📖 点击查看答案 It implies economies of scale at low production levels and diseconomies at high levels. 它表明在低产量时存在规模经济，而在高产量时存在规模不经济。

20. What is meant by diminishing marginal returns? (什么是边际报酬递减？)

📖 点击查看答案 It refers to the decrease in the additional output produced when more units of a variable input are added, holding other inputs constant. 指在其他投入保持不变的情况下，每增加一单位变动投入所带来的额外产出减少。

21. What costs should be considered for business decisions in economics? (经济学中做商业决策时应考虑哪些成本？)

📖 点击查看答案 Both explicit and implicit costs should be considered, as they reflect the full opportunity cost. 应考虑显性和隐性成本，因为它们共同反映了完整的机会成本。

22. If Jill’s total cost is $3,400 and she produces 600 pizzas, what is her average total cost per pizza? (如果Jill的总成本为3400美元，生产600个披萨，每个披萨的平均总成本是多少？)

📖 点击查看答案 $5.67 per pizza. 每个披萨5.67美元。

23. Why are fixed costs unavoidable in the short run? (为什么固定成本在短期内是不可避免的？)

📖 点击查看答案 Because certain inputs like capital cannot be adjusted immediately. 因为像资本这样的某些投入在短期内无法调整。

24. How does economic cost help firms with better decision-making? (经济成本如何帮助企业做出更好的决策？)

📖 点击查看答案 It accounts for all resources used, including those not directly paid for, ensuring more informed and efficient choices. 它考虑了所有使用的资源，包括未直接支付的，从而确保更明智和高效的决策。

25. What role does the production function play in analyzing business efficiency? (生产函数在分析企业效率中起什么作用？)

📖 点击查看答案 It helps determine how efficiently inputs are converted into outputs, guiding improvements in productivity. 它有助于判断投入转化为产出的效率，从而指导生产率的提升。

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