1. Why is the demand curve facing a perfectly competitive firm horizontal?（为什么完全竞争企业面临的需求曲线是水平的？）
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Because the firm is a price taker and can sell any quantity of output at the market price. 因为企业是价格接受者，可以在市场价格下出售任意数量的产品。2. What does it mean when price equals marginal revenue in perfect competition?（在完全竞争中，价格等于边际收益意味着什么？）
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It means each additional unit sold adds the same amount to total revenue as the price, since the firm cannot influence the market price. 意味着每售出一单位产品所增加的总收入等于价格，因为企业无法影响市场价格。3. At what output level is profit maximized for a perfectly competitive firm?（完全竞争企业在哪个产量水平实现利润最大化？）
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Where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MR = MC). 在边际收益等于边际成本（MR = MC）时。4. How do you calculate total profit?（如何计算总利润？）
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Total profit = (Price – Average Total Cost) × Quantity. 总利润 = （价格 – 平均总成本）× 数量。5. Why is MR = MC a universal rule for profit maximization?（为什么 MR = MC 是普适的利润最大化规则？）
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Because it determines the output level at which adding one more unit would neither increase nor decrease profit. 因为它决定了增加一单位产量不会再增加或减少利润的点。6. What is the shape of the marginal cost curve in short run production?（短期生产中的边际成本曲线是什么形状？）
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Typically U-shaped: it first decreases due to efficiency, then increases due to diminishing returns. 通常是U型的：先因为效率提升而下降，后因边际报酬递减而上升。7. What does it mean when P > ATC?（当 P > ATC 时意味着什么？）
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The firm is making an economic profit. 企业获得经济利润。8. What happens if a firm produces where MC > MR?（如果企业在 MC > MR 时继续生产会发生什么？）
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The firm loses profit on the additional units produced. 企业在额外生产的单位上遭受利润损失。9. In the long run, what profit does a perfectly competitive firm make?（长期中，完全竞争企业的利润是多少？）
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Zero economic profit (normal profit). 零经济利润（正常利润）。10. Why does a firm’s marginal cost eventually rise?（为什么企业的边际成本最终会上升？）
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Due to diminishing marginal returns to inputs. 由于投入要素的边际报酬递减。11. What is the break-even point for a firm?（企业的盈亏平衡点是什么？）
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The output level where P = ATC. 价格等于平均总成本（P = ATC）的产量水平。12. What is the shutdown point?（什么是停产点？）
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When price falls below average variable cost (P < AVC). 价格低于平均可变成本（P < AVC）时。13. What error do people make when maximizing profit?（人们在利润最大化时常犯的错误是什么？）
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Confusing MC = ATC as the point of maximum profit. 将 MC = ATC 错误地认为是利润最大点。14. Why is the firm’s demand curve perfectly elastic?（为什么企业的需求曲线是完全弹性的？）
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Because the firm can sell any amount at the market price. 因为企业可以按市场价格出售任意数量的产品。15. What does marginal revenue represent?（边际收益代表什么？）
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The additional revenue from selling one more unit. 销售一个额外单位所带来的额外收入。16. Why do total profits decrease after a certain output?（为什么总利润在超过某一产量后会下降？）
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Because marginal cost rises faster than marginal revenue. 因为边际成本上升快于边际收益。17. How is average total cost calculated?（如何计算平均总成本？）
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ATC = Total Cost / Quantity. 平均总成本 = 总成本 / 产量。18. When does a firm earn zero economic profit but still operate?（企业在何时没有经济利润但仍在运营？）
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When P = ATC, which means the firm earns normal profit. 当价格等于平均总成本时，企业获得正常利润。19. What does it imply when MR > MC?（当 MR > MC 时意味着什么？）
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The firm should increase output to raise profit. 企业应增加产量以提高利润。20. Why can a firm not influence price in perfect competition?（为什么在完全竞争中企业无法影响价格？）
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Because each firm is small relative to the entire market. 因为每个企业在整个市场中都很小，影响力微弱。21. How is total revenue calculated?（如何计算总收入？）
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TR = Price × Quantity. 总收入 = 价格 × 产量。22. Why is profit maximized at the widest gap between TR and TC?（为什么利润在 TR 和 TC 最大间距处最大？）
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Because that’s where the firm earns the most over its costs. 因为这是企业获得最大超额收益的地方。23. What happens if output increases beyond MR = MC?（如果产量超过 MR = MC，会发生什么？）
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Total profit begins to decline. 总利润开始下降。24. Why is perfect competition efficient in resource allocation?（为什么完全竞争在资源配置上是有效的？）
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Because P = MC ensures that the value to consumers equals the cost of resources used. 因为 P = MC 确保了消费者的价值等于资源的成本。25. What does zero economic profit mean in the long run?（长期中，零经济利润意味着什么？）
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Firms cover all costs including opportunity costs, earning just normal profit. 企业覆盖了包括机会成本在内的所有成本，仅获得正常利润。如需我继续出题或生成答题小册、图解卡片，请告诉我！是否需要将这些整理成PDF或Obsidian笔记格式？