📖 点击查看答案An oligopoly is a market structure where a small number of interdependent firms compete, influencing each other’s decisions.
寡头垄断是一种市场结构，由少数相互依存的企业竞争，彼此的行为会影响对方的决策。
2. What is the four-firm concentration ratio? (什么是四家集中度比率？)
📖 点击查看答案It measures the fraction of an industry’s sales accounted for by its four largest firms, with a ratio above 40% indicating an oligopoly.
它衡量前四大企业占行业销售的比例，超过40%通常表明是寡头市场。
3. What is a limitation of the four-firm concentration ratio? (四家集中度比率的局限性是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案It does not account for competition from foreign firms’ exports or local market dynamics.
它未考虑外国企业出口商品或地方市场动态的竞争。
4. What is strategic interdependence in an oligopoly? (寡头市场中的战略相互依赖是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案Firms must consider rivals’ potential reactions when making pricing or output decisions due to mutual influence.
企业因相互影响，在制定价格或产量决策时必须考虑竞争对手的潜在反应。
5. What is non-price competition? (什么是非价格竞争？)
📖 点击查看答案It involves firms competing through advertising, product differentiation, or customer service instead of price changes.
企业通过广告、产品差异化或客户服务等方式竞争，而非改变价格。
6. What is the kinked demand curve theory? (折弯需求曲线理论是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案It explains price rigidity in oligopolies due to expected asymmetric rival reactions to price changes.
它解释了寡头市场中因竞争对手对价格变动的非对称反应预期导致的价格刚性。
7. What is collusion in an oligopoly? (寡头市场中的合谋是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案Collusion is an agreement among firms to restrict output or raise prices to maximize joint profits.
合谋是企业间通过限制产量或提高价格以最大化联合利润的协议。
8. What is tacit collusion? (什么是默契合谋？)
📖 点击查看答案It is coordinated behavior among firms without explicit agreements, often analyzed using repeated game models.
企业间没有明确协议的协调行为，常通过重复博弈模型分析。
9. What is a barrier to entry? (什么是进入壁垒？)
📖 点击查看答案Barriers to entry are factors that prevent new firms from entering an industry with economic profits, such as economies of scale or patents.
进入壁垒是阻止新企业进入有经济利润行业的因素，如规模经济或专利。
10. How do economies of scale create an oligopoly? (规模经济如何形成寡头垄断？)
📖 点击查看答案When long-run average costs fall with increased output, only large firms can operate efficiently, limiting the number of firms.
当长期平均成本随产量增加而降低时，只有大企业能高效运作，限制了企业数量。
11. What is the minimum efficient scale (MES)? (最小有效规模是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案MES is the lowest output level at which a firm’s long-run average costs are minimized, often leading to few firms in an industry.
最小有效规模是企业长期平均成本达到最低的产量水平，常导致行业内企业数量少。
12. What is strategic entry deterrence? (什么是战略性进入威慑？)
📖 点击查看答案It involves actions like excess capacity investment or limit pricing to prevent new firms from entering the market.
通过投资过剩产能或限制性定价等行为阻止新企业进入市场。
13. What is a natural oligopoly? (什么是自然寡头垄断？)
📖 点击查看答案A market where production and cost structures inherently support only a few large firms, like utilities.
生产和成本结构天然只支持少数大企业的市场，如公用事业。
14. How does input control act as a barrier to entry? (关键资源控制如何作为进入壁垒？)
📖 点击查看答案Control over essential inputs, like Alcoa’s bauxite or De Beers’ diamonds, prevents new firms from entering.
对关键投入品的控制，如Alcoa的铝土矿或De Beers的钻石，阻止新企业进入。
15. What is regulatory capture? (什么是监管俘获？)
📖 点击查看答案It occurs when regulatory agencies are influenced by the industries they regulate, often raising entry barriers.
监管机构被其监管的行业影响，常导致进入壁垒提高。
16. How do patents create barriers to entry? (专利如何形成进入壁垒？)
📖 点击查看答案Patents grant exclusive rights for 20 years, preventing competitors from producing the same product.
专利赋予20年独占权，阻止竞争者生产相同产品。
17. What is game theory? (什么是博弈论？)
📖 点击查看答案Game theory studies decision-making where outcomes depend on interactions among players.
博弈论研究结果取决于玩家互动的决策过程。
18. What are the three key characteristics of a game? (博弈的三个关键特征是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案Rules (allowable actions), strategies (actions to achieve goals), and payoffs (results of interactions).
规则（允许的行动）、策略（实现目标的行动）、收益（互动结果）。
19. What is a dominant strategy? (什么是占优策略？)
📖 点击查看答案A strategy that yields the highest payoff for a firm regardless of competitors’ actions.
无论竞争对手采取何种行动，均能带来最高收益的策略。
20. What is a Nash equilibrium? (什么是纳什均衡？)
📖 点击查看答案A situation where no player can improve their payoff by unilaterally changing their strategy.
没有玩家能通过单方面改变策略改善收益的状态。
21. What is the prisoner’s dilemma in an oligopoly? (寡头市场中的囚徒困境是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案Individual firms pursuing dominant strategies (e.g., low prices) lead to a worse collective outcome.
企业追求占优策略（如低价）导致集体结果较差。
22. How does a price-match guarantee affect pricing in an oligopoly? (价格匹配保证如何影响寡头市场定价？)
📖 点击查看答案It discourages price cuts by ensuring competitors match lower prices, stabilizing higher prices.
通过确保竞争对手匹配低价，阻止降价，稳定较高价格。
23. What is price leadership? (什么是价格领导？)
📖 点击查看答案A form of implicit collusion where one firm announces a price change, and others follow.
一种默契合谋形式，一家企业宣布价格变动，其他企业跟随。
24. What is a cartel? (什么是卡特尔？)
📖 点击查看答案A group of firms that collude to restrict output and raise prices for higher profits.
一组企业通过合谋限制产量、提高价格以获得更高利润。
25. Why is OPEC considered a cartel? (为什么OPEC被视为卡特尔？)
📖 点击查看答案OPEC restricts oil output to raise prices, controlling over 75% of global crude oil reserves.
OPEC通过限制石油产量提高价格，控制全球超75%的原油储量。
26. Why do cartels like OPEC face instability? (为什么像OPEC这样的卡特尔不稳定？)
📖 点击查看答案Individual members have incentives to cheat by overproducing, leading to price declines.
个体成员有超产作弊的动机，导致价格下降。
27. How do repeated games affect cartel stability? (重复博弈如何影响卡特尔稳定性？)
📖 点击查看答案Repeated interactions allow punishment for defection, encouraging cooperation over time.
重复互动通过惩罚背叛促进长期合作。
28. What is a sequential game? (什么是序贯博弈？)
📖 点击查看答案A game where players make decisions one after another, with later players observing earlier actions.
玩家依次决策，后行动者可观察先行动的博弈。
29. What is a subgame perfect equilibrium? (什么是子博弈完美均衡？)
📖 点击查看答案A Nash equilibrium where strategies are optimal in every subgame of the original game.
在原博弈的每个子博弈中策略均为最优的纳什均衡。
30. What is a first-mover advantage in a sequential game? (序贯博弈中的先动优势是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案The first player can commit to a strategy that influences the second player’s choices.
先行动者通过承诺策略影响后行动者的选择。
31. How does a decision tree aid in sequential games? (决策树如何辅助序贯博弈分析？)
📖 点击查看答案It visualizes decision nodes, actions, and payoffs, enabling backward induction for optimal strategies.
通过可视化决策节点、行动和收益，便于逆向归纳法确定最优策略。
32. What is a credible threat in bargaining? (谈判中的可信威胁是什么？)
📖 点击查看答案A threat is credible only if it is in the player’s interest to carry it out.
只有当威胁符合玩家利益时才可信。
33. What is Michael Porter’s Five Forces model? (什么是波特五力模型？)
📖 点击查看答案A framework analyzing industry competition through existing firms, new entrants, substitutes, buyer power, and supplier power.
分析行业竞争的框架，包括现有企业、新进入者、替代品、买方和供应商议价能力。
34. How does the bargaining power of buyers affect an industry? (买方议价能力如何影响行业？)
📖 点击查看答案Strong buyer power, like Walmart’s, forces suppliers to lower prices, reducing industry profits.
强大的买方议价能力，如沃尔玛，迫使供应商降价，降低行业利润。
35. How do substitutes impact an industry’s competition? (替代品如何影响行业竞争？)
📖 点击查看答案Substitutes, like digital encyclopedias, reduce demand for original products, lowering prices and profits.
替代品，如数字百科全书，降低原产品需求，导致价格和利润下降。